语言学导论课后习题答案 下载本文

10. 借词 混合借词 转移借词 翻译借词

monk booby trap yankee firewater loanword coconut free verse war paint 11. 不能。

* friendilily * timelily * ghostlily

13. -ed表示一般过去时: He walked home. -s表示一般现在时: He walks home. -ing表示进行体: He is walking home.

转自[英美者]-英语专业网站:http://www.enmajor.com/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/0823035_2.html . 名词解释

概念意义 外延 内涵 指称

涵义 同义关系 互补反义关系 等级反义关系 反向反义关系 关系对立 上下义关系 上坐标词 语义成分 复合性 选择限制 命题逻辑 命题 谓词逻辑

2. 下面这段话选自Lewis carroll 的Through the Looking Glass,讨论其中mean一词的意义。

\stand chattering to yourself like that,\Humpty Dumpty said, looking at her for the first time, \ \

\a stupid name enough!\Humpty Dumpty interrupted impatiently.\dose it mean?\

\?\.

\,\am - and a handsome shape it is,too. With a name like yours, you might be any shape, almost.\

3. 从语义学角度,特别是从涵义关系角度,分析下面这首诗。 Coloured

Dear White Fella You White Fella

Couple things you should know- When you born, you pink When I born, I black When you grow up, you white When I grow up, I black When you go in sun, you red When I go in sun, I black When you cold, you blue When I cold, I black When you scared, you yellow When I scared, I black When you sick, you green

When I sick, I black And when you die you grey And when I die-I still black And you have the cheek To call me coloured?

4. 有人主张没有真正的同义词。如果两词意义的确相同,那么其中一个终将消亡。人们常引的一个例子是单词\的废弃,它被\所取代。你同意这种看法吗?一般地看,当我们说两词互为同义词时,是指的哪种意义类型?

5. 本文没有提及\:unfriendly\,\:dishonest\,\:abnormal\,\:infrequent\, \:illogical\和\:irresponsible\这样的反义词。它们属于哪种反义关系?

6. 英国语言学家F.R.Palmer在他的Semantics(《语义学》)(p.97)一书中指出,\在[等级反义关系和互补反义关系]之间没有绝对的区分。有时我们可以把male / female,married / single,alive / dead看作等级反义词,某人可能very male(很男性化)或者more married(更像已婚的),而且当然可能more dead than alive.\试评论此观点。

7. 姜望琪(1991:79)称\在某种程度上,我们可以说任何两个同词性的词都可能成为反义词,只要这两个词之间的意义差别在该上下文正好是需要强调的这一点。\他用的两个例句如下所示。你怎么看待这一观点?

You have to peel a raw potato but you can skin a boiled one. He's no statesman, but a mere politician. 8. 把下面的逻辑式翻译成英语。其中a = Ann,b = Bill,c = Carol,L = like,M = mother,x和y是变项,可根据量词的不同译为\,\或\。

(a) M (a, b)

(b) L (b, c) & L (c, b) (c) L (a, b) & ~ L (a, c) (d) [反 E] x (L (x, b)) (e) ~ [倒 A] x (L (x, c))

(f) ~ [反 E] x ([倒 A] y (L (y, x)))

转自[英美者]-英语专业网站:http://www.enmajor.com/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/4521320502.html 2. 文中\意义\(mean)表币\所指\(refer to),这是它在\指称论\中所用的意义。

3. 这首诗涉及单词\的意义。作者巧妙地利用了它\不同的颜色\这一意义来反对把黑人称为\有色人种\。这也从另一角度表明,\不是\(红色的)、\(绿色的)、'\(黄色的)等词的上坐标词。

4. 没有绝对的同义词,这一看法是正确的。当人们说两词同义时,通常是指它们有相同的概念意义。

5. 从词源上讲,这些反义词可能都是互补的。但是实际上,其中有些现在是等级的,特别是\:unfriendly。

6. 对语言学初学者讲等级反义关系和互补反义关系之间的区分是相对的,这一做法不可取。表达式\,'并个是真正的比较级。 7. 这一看法是有道理的。 8.

(a)Ann is Bill's mother.

(b)Bill loves Carol,and Carol loves Bill.

(c)Ann loves Bill, but Ann doesn't love Carol. (d)Someone loves Bill.

(e)Not everyone loves Carol.

(f)There is no one who is loved by everyone. 转自[英美者]-英语专业网站:http://www.enmajor.com/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/4521320502_2.html 3第三章“词汇”问题和练习

1. 解释下列术语

语素 复合词 屈折变化 词缀 派生词 词根 语素变体 词干 粘着语素 自由语素 词位 词汇 语法词 词汇词 封闭类 开放类 混成法 借词

混合借词 转移借词 缩略语 脱落 逆构词法 同化 异化 俗词源

2. 给下列词加上适当的否定前缀

a. removable m. syllabic b. formal n. normal

c. practicable o. workable d. sensible p. written e. tangible q. usual f. logical r. thinkable g. regular s. human

h. proportionate t. relevant i. effective u. editable j. elastic v. mobile k. ductive w. legal l. rational x. discreet

3. 语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。那么语素是语法概念还是语义概念?它跟单位是什么关系?语素和音位能够构成一个有机整体吗? 4. 阅读下面一段话,列出所有能找到的功能词。(包括be的所有形式,都看作功能词)并给出这段话中功能词的百分比。

She was a small woman, old and wrinkled. When she started washing for us, she was already past seventy. Most Jewish women of her age were sickly, weak, broken in body. But this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generation of peasant ancestors. Mother would count out to her a bag of laundry that had accumulated over several weeks. She would lift the heavy bag, load it on her narrow shoulders, and carry it the long way home.

5. \完全由两个或更多的较小形式构成的自由形式是词组。不是词组的自由形式是词。那么,词??是最小的自由形式。\(布龙菲尔德,1935:178) 回答下面的问题:

(a)\词\这个术语是有歧义的。布龙菲尔德的定义想要涵盖哪一种词?

(b)英语中有没有传统认为是词(在\词\的合适意义上)却不能满足布龙菲尔德定义的词?

(c)词的定义中还用到了哪些其他的标准?

6.找出下列混合词的来源。假如词典中没有提供答案,请根据自己的理解来判断。 (a) bash; (b) smash; (c) glimmer; (d) flimmer; (e) clash; (f) flare; (g) brunch; (h ) motel; (i) transistor; (j) medicare; (k) workaholic; (l) spam; (m) telethon; (n) aerobicise; (o) chunnel; (p) chortle; (q) bit; (r) modem; (s) guestimate; (t) threepeat.

7. 确定第一栏中词的正确历史语源,并在第二栏或第三栏中选出正确的解释。

栏 1 栏 2 栏 3

(a) hangnail aching nail hanging nail

(b) female a male's companion little woman (c) crayfish crawling fish crab

(d) shamefaced face reflecting shame bound by shame (e) Jordan almond imported almond garden almond (f) sparrowgrass a genus of herbs bird nesting in grass (g) belfre bell tower bell

(h) bridegroom a woman is just or a man is just, or about about to be married to be married

(i) muskrat a large rat-like animal a large musk deer (Algonquian: musquash)

(j) woodchuck a north American goat a north American (Algonquian: otchek) marmot

8. 从下面的逆构词确定本来项目的形式。

(a) asset: ______ (b) burgle: ______ (c) enthuse: ______ (d) greed: ______ (e) hush: ______ (f) automate: ______