The+Application+of+Cooperative+Learning+in+English+Classroom+in+the+Western+Rural+Areas - 图文 下载本文

What’smore,t11econtacttheoryhasemphasizedtheimponarlceofequal—statusco北蛾s嘶ngs.Acknowledgingthatsocialgroups矗equentlydi疵ri11socialS协.cus,imerventionshaveaddresSedt11enecessit),ofeqlmlizingstamsi11tlleinteractionsettmg.23.6Thechoicetheory(1)ChoiceTheory渤test11ata11wedo舶mbinlltodeamisbehaviora11d廿latalIIlostandcreativei11meetingallofourbehaViorisimemallyt11ebasicneeds、航tllwllichwemotiVated,pu叩ose削,nexibleareallgeneticallyencoded.Willi锄GlaSserdes嘶besourbasicneedsas:s甜w加tzDl,P册d/昆P咖坍aIld声挖.Ourneeds.braillsIf、ⅣefeelbehaViorata11yneedstoareone6P肠馏加吕pDw%satis匆meseourmomentisourbestefront0ournotbeingmet,wegetfhs们tionsi印als丘。ombecausenottodosoaIld、№attemptorgett}lingsbackimous.bal锄ceisllllcon怕rtableWhenpajn如lfornott11ingsaregoing、他UintheclasSrooms,t11eteachersShollldt11jlIll【aboutormequestions1ike:wllichneedt11eirbehaViors?Howbehavior923.7SocialCoh鼯i、reness(2)callneedscouldbedone?Dostudemsneedt0chaIlgemeteacherhelpc11ildrenmakebetterdecisionsdboutt11eirS0cialcohesivenessref.erSt0t11ebondsofime印erSonalattractionthatlin:kgroupmembers.GroupsarecohesiVet0theeXtentt11atmembersbjpiIl廿1emispositiVelyarev出ued,andmembersdr孙Ⅵltowardmegroup.IncalltaSk面emed(c.g.,leamillgorproject)鲫ps,恤conceptcohesivenessandtaskbedi能rentiatediIlto铆osubconce幽:socialeXercises也athaveacohesiveness.Te锄buildingconlponemof劬orplaydesi朗jngaareuse如lina110wiIlgsocialcohesiVenesstodeVelop.EXamplesinCl证Ie:aboutfirStte锄logo,sharillgiI怕咖ationjobs,orpanicipatingindevelopactivitiest0discovercharacteristicsthatte锄membershaveiIlco珊【llon.To(1)Choice(2)Sham,S11lomo,(Ed.)(1994).Handbookofco叩erative1e锄ingmeⅡ10ds.WeStport,CT:ChenwoodPressTheo巧,h郇://www.w西aSser.con价沌atisct.htmtaSkcohesiveness,activitiesthatallowtllegroupmemberstoassessoneanomer’stalems,蛐rengtllsandwealmesses23.8Theareuse向1.s佻ondlangllageacquisit:iontheori终iIlputhypomesis,L2acquiSitiontal【esplace、7l,_henAccordiIlgtoastephen心aShen’sle锄ermlderStaIldsinpmthatcontajns蓼ammaticalfo肌stllatareat‘1+1’(i.e.arealittlemoreadvallcedSuggeststllattllet11锄thec眦entstateofthele锄er’siIlterlaIlguage).KraShenrightleVelofinputisanainedautomaticallywhenintedocutorsSucceedinma:I(ingt11emselves1111derSt00di11coImuIlication.Successis删evedtllrou曲龇妇dsbyuSillgtl:IesituationaJcontexttomakemessagesclearandofinputmodificationsfoundinforeigntalk.Accordingdependsontol《0aShen,then,L2aCquisitionconlprehensibleinput.(1)Long’sMichael硫eractionh),potllesisalsoemphaSizestheimportallceofitcomprehensibleinplJtbutclaimsthatitismostefrectiVewhenismodifiedtllenegotiationofmeaIling.WhenleanlershaVetllechallcetohaSbeensaidt11eyaremrou曲thatclari匆some“nggivingthemselVesmoretimetoprocesstheinput,W陆chmaynewhelpt11emnotjusttocomprehendbutalsotoacquireL2觚.(2)acallMerriUS、Ⅳajnhasaa曙ledtllatcomprehensibleoutputplayspaniIlL2acquisition.ShesuggestSnumberofSpecificwaysinwhichcallle锄ersle锄fbm吐1eirownle锄erSt0output.咖utnoticegapssen,eaconsciousness-raising如nctionbyhelpillgin舭irinterlallguages.111atis,bytryiIlgtospeal(or、砸teiIl也eL2tlleyrealize也attlleylackwhat廿1eyt11e伊觚matic出knowlei【geSecond,ou印uthelpsofsomef.e批t11atorisin驴rt锄tfIoraw锄tt0sayle锄erstotesthypotlleses.They姆outruleaIldsee、7l,:hether“leadst0Success矗llcommunica矗onnegativefeedbaCk.nlird,1eaHlerswhemeritelicitssom幽estau(aboutmeirownou啦鸣id训母i119canpfoblemsw池ita11ddiscussing、vaysinw11icht11eybeplItri出.(3)(1)IbdE11is(2000),SecondLanguageAcquisition,Shall曲aiForei弘LaIlguageE(1ucationPress(2)IbdEllis(2000),SecondLanguageAcquisition,ShaIlgllaiForei盟L锄guageEducationPress(3)RodEllis(2000),SecondLallguageAcquisition,Shall曲aiForei印LangllageFromt11esecond1aIlguageacquisitiont11eories,ita11dintemctionsliIIlitedtiIIleaIldTeaChersplayaarecaIlbeinfe玎edtllatinput,outputusenecessaryconditionsforSLA.Howtomal(emllvvilloftlleresourCesdeteminetlleoutcomeoft11elanguage僦屺11ing.keyr01einhowto咖lmore“input’’into‘‘ou_tput’’.Coopera:tiVeofiIlteraCtions,leamiIlgi11En西ish,whichgreatlyemphaSizesmedi岱;rem虹ndslallguageacquisition.co仃eSponds晰tlltllep血ciplesofsecond2.4l(eyelementsofcoope翔ti、,eGenerallyspea:king,t11eleamingideaoffiVekeyelementsofcoopera:tiVeale鲫洫gismoStlyaccepted.SlaVin(1995)hasgiVenofcooperativeleallling.(1)1detaileddescriptionabouttllekeyelementsPosi啪eInterd叩end印ceThefirstStepinpromotingcooperation锄ongstudentsist0s舡u曲吣.epositiVeoccurSi11terd印endence谢thingainsofindividualsthele锄ingsituation.PositiVeinterd印endenceareWhenorte锄spositiVelyco玎elated.111atistosay,positiVe0ne硫erd印endencetllatonecaIlexiStSwhenoneperceiVest11atislilll【ed谢tllomersint11atawaysonotsucceedu11lesstheydo(aIldaVicetaskVersa)锄d/oronemustcoordinateone’sef蚤)rtsofotllerstocomplete1990).PositiveinterdependenceistllemostiIllponalltfIactorins仃ucturillgleanlingsitLlationscoopem_tivelybeca_uSeofthefollowing‘‘silll【0rswiIntogether,’,tllenmearereasons:if咖de鹏donotbenotbelieVet11at廿leylesson诵nnocoope枷Ve.AndiswhenstlldemsplacediIlle跗血g伊oupsbutpositiVeorle鲫血gsitu撕oniseitllercompetitivenoreasoniIldiViduahstic丽t11姚g.UnderⅡ10seoutped.o珊血diVidllals.111f.act,也eheartofimem印endencestrIlc嘶d,meconditions,thereisoppositemayleaIniIlg.2t0expectgroupstobe劬e.AndpositiVei11terdependenceis也ecoope僦vePmmot打eorFace-to-lhceinteractionEducationPress(1)SlaVin,RobenE(1995).Cooperative1earnjng:theoⅨresearcha11dpmctice.Promotiveinteractionmaybedefinedeachother’saSindividualsencouragiIlga11df如ilitatinge舶rtst0completetasksa11dacKeVementsiIlordertoreacht11e伊oup’sneedtomaxiIIlizet11egoals.onceteacherseStablishpositiVeimerdependence,tlleyopporcullit),forstIldentst0promoteeachotller’spraisingoneSuccessbyt011elpin岛aSsisting,supponing,encoumging,锄dpromotingcommitteda110tller’se舶rtsle锄.nbecomeis也rou曲each劬er’s1e锄ingface-to—face恤tm锄berStoeachonleraSwellastot11eirperso砌lymutualgoal.3IndividualAccountabm锣ARerpositivecooperativeimerdependenceandpromotiVeimeraction,akeyelementasenseofle锄ingis111diVimlalAccoun诅bilit),.nisofco栅butiI玛one’sofotllergroupgroup’ss仃ongercalle舶rtstoaccomplishthegroup’sgoals.ThisinVolVesbeingresponsiblefor:(1)one’sconlpletingsharcoftheworka11d(2)facilitatingmeworkasonecallmembers,inotllerwords,fordoingaSmuchgoals.Thepu叩oseofcooperatiVeindividumin11isortow蕊acllieVillgt11eale姗inggroupistomakeeachmemberherownri曲t.Stlldentsle锄togemersothattlleysubsequentlyperfonIlStudentsare11i曲erasindiViduals.notoIllyaccouIlta_bletot11eteacherincooperatiVesituations,meyarealsoaccountabletotlleirpeers.Thesmallerthesizeof廿legroupme铲eatertllei11dividuaJaccouIlta.bili够maybe.4InteI卫ersonalandSmall-groupSkm,玎1ef.ourthessentialcomponentofcooperatiVelea力血gisteaCllingstlmemsnlerequhdne印ersonalareaIldsmall—group凼11.111coope珀:tiVe1earIliIlg印ups,咖dentssubjectmatter(t。呔work)锄dasrequiredtole锄aCade血calsotole锄the砥印erS0nala11dsmall—group幽llsrequiredto劬ctionPlaCingsociallyp矾ofateam(te锄work).un凼11ed咖dentsinaleallling蓼oupandtell啦tllemtocooperatewillobviouSlynotbesuccess如1.Studentsmustbetaughttlleinte印ersonalandsmallgroupskillsneededforLeaderSllip,lli曲qual耐coopemtion,a11dbeInotiVatedtouset11em?decision.making,乜ust-building,commullication,锄d