valid中的VAL,有时作VAIL, VALE, VALU,源自拉丁语,意为well, worth; strength; to be worthy, strong, powerful, effective, healthy; to have power or influence(avail, convalesce, convalescent, equivalent, evaluate, evaluation, invalid, invalidate, prevalent, revaluation, valediction, valedictorian, valedictory, valiant, validate, validity, valor, valorous, valuable, value);valid中的后缀-ID表示由拉丁语动词、名词作成表示状态的形容词(fluid, horrid, solid),valid意为―(理由、证据等)有确实根据的,确凿的;正确的;健全的,站得住的‖;用于法律指―(契约、选举等)经过正式手续的,有效的‖(反义词void);用于逻辑学指―含有暗示之结论的前提的‖,如:valid ballot papers(有效选票)/ The tourist visa is valid for three months.(旅游签证的有效期为三个月。)/ They had some valid concerns about the safety of the airplane.(关于飞机的安全,他们有一些言之有据的关切点。)
ventriloquist中的VENTRI,也作VENTR, VENTRO,源自拉丁语,意为stomach, belly(ventral, ventricle, ventriloquism/ventriloquy, ventrodorsal, ventrolateral, ventrotomy);LOQU,也作LOC, LOCUT,源自拉丁语,意为to speak, to talk(circumlocution, colloquy, elocution, eloquence, eloquent, interlocutor, locution, loquacious, soliloquy);后缀-IST参见archaeologist,ventriloquist意为―口技表演者,腹语(术)者‖。
verbose中的VERB源自拉丁语,意为word(proverb, verb, verbally, verbalize, verbatim, verbiage);后缀-OSE此处相当于-OUS,表示:1.…多的,verbose中的-OSE即为此意;2.爱…的(jocose);3.…性的(comatose, schistose);verbose意为―(措词)罗嗦的,(说话)唠叨的;冗长的‖,如:a verbose television sportscaster(一个唠唠叨叨的电视体育播报员)
victimize中的VICTIM,也作VICT, VINC,源自拉丁语,意为to conquer, to overcome(convince, evince, invincible, victim, victor, victory);后缀-IZE参见centralize,victimize意为―屠杀(牲畜等)供作牺牲;使牺牲/受损害;迫害;欺骗‖,如:He feels he has been victimized by the press.(他觉得自己被新闻界牺牲掉了。)
virtuosity中的VIRTU,即VIR,源自拉丁语,意为man(triumvirate, virago, virility, virtue, virtuous);后缀-OSITY,用于构成以-OSE, -OUS结尾的adj.的名词(curiosity, jocosity),virtuosity意为―艺术鉴别力;艺术(尤其是音乐)上的熟练技巧;[集合名词]艺术鉴赏界‖,如:the guitarist’s amazing technical virtuosity(这个吉他手的技艺令人惊讶地熟练)
vitamin中的VIT,也作VIV, VIVI,源自拉丁语,意为life; to live or be alive,参见survival;AMIN即amino acid(氨基酸),vitamin即―维他命,维生素‖。
vivisection中的VIVI,也作VIV, VIT,源自拉丁语,意为life; to live or be alive,参见survival;SECT,也作SEC, SEG,源自拉丁语,意为to cut,参见segmental;后缀-ION参见abstraction,vivisection意为―活体解剖‖。
vocation中的VOC,也作VOK源自拉丁语,意为to call, to speak, to use voice(equivocate, irrevocable, vocal, vociferous),另参见revoke;后缀-ATION参见adaptation,vocation意为―天命;天职,使命;(对某种职业的)适应性,才能;职业,行业‖,如:At 18, she found her vocation as a writer.(18岁时,她发现自己有成为作家的才能。)/ a vocation for priesthood(以教士为天职)/ He has little/no vacation to/for literature.(他不大/完全不适合搞文学。)/ mistake one’s vocation(选错职业)/ take up the vocation of architecture(选择建筑学作为专业)
voluble中的VOLU,也作VOLUT, VOLV,源自拉丁语,意为to roll, wind, turn around, or twist around(convolution, volume),参见revolve;后缀-BLE即-ABLE/-IBLE,参见biodegradable,voluble意为―流利的,流畅的,口若悬河的,善辩的;易旋转的,旋转性的‖,用于植物学指―会缠绕的‖,如:a voluble and witty man(一个能说会道且机智的人)/ voluble excuses(流利的辩解)
carpentry是carpenter的派生词,mansonry来自mason.
后缀-ry,也作-ery,用于构成名词:1.表示―性质‖,―行为‖,如pedantry, snobbery, bravery, bribery;2.表示―境遇‖,―身分‖,如slavery;3.表示―货物的种类‖,―……类的产品‖,如finery, perfumery;4.表示―制造所‖、―饲养所‖,如bakery, drudgery.
另外,-ery还加在动词之后表示―职业‖,―技术‖等,如archery, fishery, surgery;还可加在名词之后表示―集体‖,如soldiery. 詞根詞綴學習——外一篇 01
有時把一些詞根對比一下也是很有意思的,比如近義詞根、同義詞根、反義詞根之類。
中文高下、高低、上下常常連用,有對比之效。英文句式雖然少有如此,但英語單詞的詞根中,與高下、高低、上下有關的亦有不少,對比之效也是明顯的。例如:
與高、上有關的詞根:acro-/acr-, alti-, ana-, hyper-, super-, supra-, sur-, up-, etc. 與低、下有關的詞根:hypo-/hyp-, infra-, sub-/sus-, under-, etc.
附錄部分相關單詞:
acro-/acr- (height, summit; beginning): acrophobia, acronym alti- (high): altitude
ana- (upward, up): anabolism
hyper- (over, above, beyond; excessive, excessively): hypersonic, hypercritical super- (above, over, upon; superior in size, quality, number, or degree; exceeding a norm): superimpose, superfine, supranational supra- (beyond; above): supranational
sur- (over, above, upon; additional): surpass, surtax up- (up, upward; upper): uphill, upland