·Which train are you going to take? 你准备搭哪一班火车?
·Whose son is playing on the grass? 谁的儿子正在草地上玩?
·What kind of life do you want to live? 你想过什么样的生活?
3.7 关系代词
3.7.1引导定语从句的关系代词 英语中可以引导定语从句的关系代词有 who, whom, whose, that和which。下面分别讲述这五个关系代词: 3.7.1.1 who 和whom who和whom代表人,在定语句中作主语时用who, 作宾语时一般用whom。 A. who在定语从句中作主语: ·He is a good physician who cures himself. 能给自己治病的是好大夫。 ·There is someone who wants you on the telephone? 有人来电话找你? B. whom在定语从句中作宾语: ·He is the man whom I met on the train. 他就是我在火车上碰到的那个人。 3.7.1.2 whose的用法 whose表示“他(她)(它)的”,在定语从句中作定语: ·Do you know anyone whose family is in Qingdao? 你认不认识什么人家在青岛? ·Members of the Fire Service, whose work is often dangerous, are paid less than members of the Police Force. 消防人员的待遇比警员低,但是他们的工作经常有危险。 ·Mr. Hamilton, whose car I borrowed, is a rich man. 汉密尔顿先生是一位富有的人,我是向他借的车。 3.7.2 which 的用法 which代表事物,在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语。 3.7.2.1 which 在定语从句中作主语: ·The meeting, which was held in the park, was attended by many people. 那个会议在公园里举行,有许多人参加。 ·He told us a story which moved us deeply. 他讲了一个故事使我们深受感动。 3.7.2.2 which在定语从句中作宾语: ·This is the book which I told you about. 这就是我和你谈到的那本书。 3.7.3 that的用法 that代表事物的时候较多,有时也可以代表人。 3.7.3.1 that指代事物: ·This house that is to be sold by auction next month, was built about fifty years ago.
这房子大约是五十年前造的,下个星期拍卖. ·Have you got everything that you need? 你需要的东西都带了吗? 3.7.3.2 that指代人: ·Who is the man that’s sitting by her side? 坐在她旁边的人是谁? 3.7.4关系代词的省略 定语从句分限定性和非限定性两种。在限定性从句中,当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,常常可以省略,特别是在口语中。例如: ·These are the tickets I bought for you. 这是我替你买的票。 ·This is the thing I want. 这就是我想要的东西。 ·That is the pen you have been looking for. 这就是你一直在找的笔。
3.8 连接代词
3.8.1连接代词的作用 疑问代词引导名词性从句时称为连接代词,可以用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,并且在所引导的从句中充当代词所能充当的成分。常见的连接代词包括who, whom, whose, which和what。whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever也可以作为连接代词使用。例如: ·What happened that night remains a mystery. 那夜发生了什么事,一直是个谜。 ·I don’t know who did it. 我不知道这是谁干的。 ·The problem is who can head the delegation. 问题是谁能带领这个代表团。 3.8.2 what 的特殊意义 what可用特殊意义,表示定语从句结构中的先行词the thing+关系代词which(??的东西)。在句子中可起下列作用: 3.8.2.1作主语 ·What I say goes. 我说了算。 ·What you have done is meaningless. 你所做的毫无意义. ·What you are going to see is a beautiful picture. 你将要看到一幅美丽的图片。 3.8.2.2 作动词宾语或介词的宾语: A. 作动词宾语 ·He didn’t understand what I had explained. 他没有理解我所解释的事。 ·I was touched by what he had done. 我被他的行为感动。
·Show me what you bought. 把你买的东西拿给我看看。 B. 作介词宾语 3.8.2.3做表语 ·This is what I heard. 这是我听到的情况。 ·This is what I want to own. 这就是我想拥有的。 ·That was what he got from the house. 那是他从房子里拿到的。
3.8.3 who(m)ever, whatever, whichever的用法 whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever分别表示“不管是谁”、“不管什么”、“不管哪个”,在句中可以引导从句,并可以作下列成分: 3.8.3.1作主语 ·Whatever a man sows, that he will reap. 种瓜得瓜, 种豆得豆。 ·Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 无论谁犯了法都将被惩罚。 ·Whichever you like is good. 你喜欢哪个都很好。 3.8.3.2作宾语 ·He read whatever he could find in those days. 在那些天他能找到什么就读什么。 ·I did not know whomever it belonged to. 我不知道它属于谁。
3.9 不定代词
英语中不定代词很多:both, either, neither, all, every, everybody, everyone, everything, each, one, someone, anyone, no one, none, no, nobody, nothing, some, any, somebody, anybody, something, anything, little, few, much, many, other, another等。它们多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,有些不定代词只能作主语、宾语、表语。例如:somebody,而every, no只能作定语。
3.9.1 不定代词both, either和neither的用法 both表示“两者都??”,either表示“两者中随便哪一个(都??)”,neither表示“两者中哪个都不??”。它们可以在句子中充当下列成分: 3.9.1.1作主语。 ·Both together do best of all. 人同心, 盖过他人。 ·Either of the workers will do the job. 两个工人随便哪个都能做这个工作。 ·Neither of the solutions is workable. 两个解决办法都不可行。 3.9.1.2作宾语 ·You may take either with you.
(两者)你可以随便带哪个去。 ·The child wanted both the apples. 两个苹果这孩子都想要。 ·The student can answer neither of the questions. 这两个问题这个学生都不能回答。 3.9.1.3作定语 ·There are trees on neither side. 两边都没有树。 ·Both rooms are occupied. 两个房间都被占用了。 ·You can choose either seat. 两个座位你可以任选。 3.9.1.4 both还可以作同位语 ·We both appreciate the picture. 我们两个都欣赏这幅图片。 ·They both want to be on vacation. 他们两个都想去度假。 ·You and I are both to blame. 我们两个人都有错。
3.9.1.5 either ? or和 neither ? or 可起连词作用 ·She knew this must be either a whale or a ship. 她知道这不是一只鲸就是一条船。 ·He had neither wife nor children. 他既没有妻子也没有儿女。 3.9.2 不定代词all的用法 不定代词all既可以表示可数的东西(包括人),表示“所有的??(都)”,也可以表示不可数的东西,表示“一切”,“全”。 3.9.2.1 all表示可数含义 all表示可数含义时,在句子中可以充当下列成分: A. 作主语 ·All of us are fond of sports. 我们全都喜欢运动。 ·Nearly all of the young persons went to the big cities. 几乎所有的年轻人都去大城市了。 B. 作宾语 a. 作动词宾语 ·I want all of you to do well. 我要你们所有的人都好好干。 ·Take all of things. 把所有的都拿去。 ·He went straight to work on the swollen sheep, and managed to save almost all of them. (Far from the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy) 他立即着手给那些肚子鼓胀的羊治病, 差不多把所有的羊都救活了。 b. 作介词宾语