¸ö¶ÀÁ¢¿É±äµÄÆ«²î£¬ÒòΪn¸ö¾ø¶ÔÆ«²îÖ®ºÍµÈÓÚÁ㣬ËùÒÔÖ»ÒªÖªµÀ£¨n-1£©¸ö¾ø¶ÔÆ«²î£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔÈ·¶¨µÚn¸öµÄÆ«²î¡£ 3¡¢Ïà¶Ô±ê׼ƫ²î
±ê׼ƫ²îÔÚƽ¾ùÖµÖÐËùÕ¼µÄ°Ù·ÖÂʽÐ×öÏà¶Ô±ê׼ƫ²î£¬Ò²½Ð±äÒìϵÊý»ò±ä¶¯ÏµÊý£¨cv£©£¬Æä¼ÆËãʽΪ£º
S?100%xcv=
Óñê׼ƫ²î±íʾ¾«ÃܶȱÈÓÃËãÊõƽ¾ùÆ«²î±íʾҪºÃ¡£ÒòΪµ¥´Î²â¶¨ÖµµÄÆ«²î¾Æ½·½ºó£¬½Ï´óµÄÆ«²î¾ÍÄÜÏÔÖøµØ·´Ó¦³öÀ´¡£ËùÒÔ²úÉúºÍ¿ÆÑеķÖÎö±¨¸æÖг£ÓÃcv±íʾ¾«Ãܶȡ£
ÀýÈ磬ÏÖÓÐÁ½×é²âÁ¿½á¹û£¬¸÷´Î²âÁ¿µÄÆ«²î·Ö±ðΪ£º
µÚÒ»×é 0.3 0.2 0.4 -0.2 -0.4 0.0 0.1 -0.3 0.2 -0.3 µÚ¶þ×é 0.0 0.1 -0.7 0.2 0.1 -0.2 0.6 0.1 -0.3 0.1 Á½×éµÄËãÊõƽ¾ùÆ«²î ·Ö±ðΪ£º
µÚÒ»×é
d1??din?din?0.24
µÚ¶þ×é
d2??0.24
´ÓÁ½×éµÄËãÊõƽ¾ùÆ«²îµÄÊý¾Ý¿´£¬¶¼µÈÓÚ0.24£¬ËµÃ÷Á½×éµÄËãÊõƽ¾ùÆ«²îÏàͬ¡£µ«ºÜÃ÷ÏԵĿÉÒÔ¿´³öµÚ¶þ×éµÄÊý¾Ý½Ï·ÖÉ¢£¬ÆäÖÐÓÐ2¸öÊý¾Ý¼´-0.7ºÍ0.6Æ«²î½Ï´ó¡£ÓÃËãÊõƽ¾ùÖµ±íʾÏÔʾ²»³öÕâÁ½¸ö²îÒ죬µ«Óñê×¼
Æ«²î±íʾʱ£¬¾ÍÃ÷ÏÔµÄÏÔʾµÚ¶þ×éÊý¾ÝÆ«²î½Ï´ó¡£ ¸÷´ÎµÄ±ê׼ƫ²î·Ö±ðΪ£º
?(xi?x)2(S1)??0.28n?1µÚÒ»×é ?(xi?x)2(S2)??0.34n?1µÚ¶þ×é
ÓÉ´Ë˵Ã÷µÚÒ»×éµÄ¾«ÃܶȽϺᣠ4¡¢Ñù±¾±ê׼ƫ²îµÄ¼ò»¯¼ÆËã
°´ÉÏÊö¹«Ê½¼ÆË㣬µÃÏÈÇó³öƽ¾ùÖµ£¬ÔÙÇó³ö
(xi?x)£¬
È»ºó¼ÆËã³öSÖµ£¬
±È½ÏÂé·³¡£¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÊýѧÍƵ¼£¬¼ò»¯ÎªÏÂÁеÈЧ¹«Ê½£º
?xi?(?xi)2n?1S=
2n
ÀûÓÃÕâ¸ö¹«Ê½£¬¿ÉÖ±½Ó´Ó²â¶¨ÖµÀ´¼ÆËãSÖµ£¬¶øÇҺܶà¼ÆËãÆ÷É϶¼ÓÐ
?xÒÔ¼°?x2¹¦ÄÜ£¬ÓеļÆËãÆ÷ÉÏ»¹ÓÐS¼°?¹¦ÄÜ£¬ËùÒÔ¼ÆËãSÖµ»¹ÊÇÊ®
·Ö·½±ãµÄ¡£ £¨ËÄ£©¼«²î
Ò»°ã·ÖÎöÖУ¬Æ½Ðвⶨ´ÎÊý²»¶à£¬³£Óü«²î£¨R£©À´ËµÃ÷Æ«²îµÄ·¶Î§£¬¼«²îÒ²³ÆΪ¡°È«¾à¡±¡£
R=²â¶¨×î´óÖµ¡ª²â¶¨×îСֵ
R?100%Ïà¶Ô¼«²î=x
£¨Î壩¹«²î
¹«²îÒ²³ÆÔʲÊÇָû·ÖÎö·½·¨ËùÔÊÐíµÄƽÐвⶨµÄ¾ø¶ÔÆ«²î£¬¹«²îµÄÊýÖµÊǽ«¶à´Î²â¶¨µÄ·ÖÎöÊý¾Ý¾¹ýÊýÀíͳ¼Æ·½·¨´¦Àí¶øÈ·¶¨µÄ£¬Éú²úʵ¼ùÖÐÓÃÒÔÅжϷÖÎö½á¹ûÊÇ·ñºÏ¸ñµÄÒÀ¾Ý¡£Èô2´ÎƽÐвⶨµÄÊýÖµÖ®¼äÔڹ涨Ôʲî¾ø¶ÔÖµµÄ2±¶ÒÔÄÚ£¬ÈÏΪÓÐЧ£¬Èç¹û²â¶¨½á¹û³¬³öÔÊÐíµÄ¹«²î·¶Î§£¬³ÉΪ¡°³¬²î¡±£¬¾ÍÓ¦ÖØ×ö¡£
ÀýÈ磺ÖظõËá¼Ø·¢²â¶¨Ìú¿óʯÖк¬Ìú£¬2´ÎƽÐвⶨ½á¹ûΪ33.18%ºÍ32.78%£¬2´Î½á¹ûÖ®²îΪ33.18%-32.78%=-0.40%¡£Éú²ú²¿ÃŹ涨Ìú¿óʯº¬ÌúÁ¿ÔÚ30%¡«40%Ö®¼ä£¬ÔʲîΪ¡À0.3%¡£ÒòΪ0.4%СÓÚÔʲî¡À0.3%µÄ¾ø¶ÔÖµµÄ2±¶£¨¼´0.6%£©£¬ËùÒԲⶨ½á¹ûÓÐЧ¡£¿ÉÒÔÓÃ2´Î²â¶¨½á¹ûµÄƽ¾ùÖµ×÷Ϊ·ÖÎö½á¹û£¬¼´
wFe?33.18?32.78%?32.98%2
ÕâÀïÒªÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬ÒÔÉϹ«²î±íʾ·½·¨Ö»ÊÇÆäÖеÄÒ»ÖÖ£¬ÔÚ¸÷ÖÖ±ê×¼·ÖÎö·½·¨×ܹ«²îµÄ¹æ¶¨²»¾¡Ïàͬ£¬³ýÉÏÊö±íʾ·½·¨Í⣬»¹ÓÐÓÃÏà¶ÔÎó²î±íʾ£¬»òÓþø¶ÔÎó²î±íʾ¡£Òª¿´¹«²îµÄ¾ßÌå¹æ¶¨¡£
1.4 ׼ȷ¶ÈÓ뾫ÃܶȵĹØϵ
¹ØÓÚ׼ȷ¶ÈÓ뾫ÃܶȵĹØϵµÄ¶¨Òå¼°È·¶¨·½·¨£¬ÔÚÇ°ÃæÒÑÓÐÐðÊö¡£×¼È·¶ÈºÍ¾«ÃܶÈÊÇÁ½¸ö²»Í¬µÄ¸ÅÄËüÃÇÏ໥֮¼äÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¹Øϵ¡£ÏÖ¾ÙÀý˵Ã÷¡£
ÀýÈç ÏÖÓÐ2×é¸÷·ÖÎö½á¹ûµÄÊý¾ÝÈçϱíËùʾ£¬²¢»æÖƳÉÈçͼËùʾµÄͼ±í£¨±ê׼ֵΪ0.31£©¡£
µÚÒ»×é²â¶¨½á¹û£º¾«ÃܶȺܸߣ¬µ«ÊÇƽ¾ùÖµÓë±ê×¼ÖµÏà²îºÜ´ó£¬ËµÃ÷׼ȷ¶ÈºÜµÍ¡£
µÚ¶þ×é²â¶¨µÄ½á¹û£º¾«ÃܶȲ»¸ß£¬²â¶¨Êý¾Ý·ÖÉ¢£¬ËäȻƽ¾ùÖµ½Ó½ü±ê×¼Öµ£¬µ«ÕâÊÇ´ÕÇɵÄÀ´µÄ£¬Èçֻȡ2´Î»ò3´ÎÀ´Æ½¾ù£¬½á¹ûÓë±ê×¼ÖµÏà²î½Ï´ó¡£
µÚÈý×éÊý¾ÝµÄ½á¹û£º²â¶¨µÄÊý¾Ý½Ï¼¯Öв¢½Ó½ü±ê×¼Êý¾Ý£¬ËµÃ÷Æ侫ÃܶȺÍ׼ȷ¶È¶¼½Ï¸ß¡£
Óɴ˿ɼûÓûʹ׼ȷ¶È¸ß£¬Ê×ÏȱØÐëÒªÇó¾«ÃܶÈÒ²Òª¸ß¡£µ«¾«Ãܶȸ߲¢²»ËµÃ÷Æä׼ȷ¶ÈÒ²¸ß£¬ÒòΪ¿ÉÄÜÔڲⶨÖдæÔÚϵͳÎó²î£¬¿ÉÒÔ˵¾«ÃܶÈÊDZ£Ö¤×¼È·¶ÈµÄÏȾöÌõ¼þ¡£
2 Îó²îµÄÀ´Ô´ÓëÏû³ý·½·¨
ÎÒÃǽøÐÐÑùÆ··ÖÎöµÄÄ¿µÄÊÇΪÁË»ñȡ׼µÄ·ÖÎö½á¹û£¬È»¶ø¼´Ê¹ÎÒÃÇÓÃ×î¿É¿¿µÄ·ÖÎö·½·¨£¬×ÃܵÄÒÇÆ÷£¬ÊìϤϸÖµIJÙ×÷£¬Ëù²âµÃµÄÊý¾ÝÒ²²»¿ÉÄܺÍÕæʵֵÍêÈ«Ò»Ö¡£Õâ˵Ã÷Îó²îÊǿɹ۴æÔڵġ£µ«ÊÇÈç¹ûÎÒÃÇÕÆÎÕÁ˲úÉúÎó²îµÄ»ù±¾¹æÂÉ£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½«Îó²î¼õСµ½ÔÊÐíµÄ·¶Î§ÄÚ¡£Îª´Ë±ØÐëÁ˽âÎó²î²úÉúµÄÐÔÖʺͲúÉúµÄÔÒòÒÔ¼°¼õÃâµÄ·½·¨¡£
¸ù¾ÝÎó²î²úÉúµÄÔÒòºÍÐÔÖÊ£¬ÎÒÃǽ«Îó²î·ÖΪϵͳÎó²îºÍżȻÎó²îÁ½´óÀà¡£
2.1 ϵͳÎó²î
ϵͳÎó²îÓֿɳÉΪ¿É²âÎó²î¡£ËüÊÇÓÉ·ÖÎö²Ù×÷¹ý³ÌÖеÄijЩ¾³£ÔÒòÔì³ÉµÄ¡£ÔÚÖظ´²â¶¨Ê±£¬Ëü»áÖظ´±íÏÖ³öÀ´£¬¶Ô·ÖÎö½á¹ûµÄÓ°Ïì±È½Ï¹Ì¶¨¡£Õâ
ÖÖÎó²î¿ÉÒÔÉè·¨¼õСµÃµ½¿ÉºöÂԵij̶ȡ£»¯Ñé·ÖÎöÖУ¬½«ÏµÍ³Îó²î²úÉúµÄÔÒò¹éÄÉΪһϼ¸¸ö·½Ãæ¡£ 1¡¢ÒÇÆ÷Îó²î
ÕâÖÖÎó²îÊÇÓÉÓÚʹÓÃÒÇÆ÷±¾Éí²»¹»¾«ÃÜËùÔì³ÉµÄ¡£ÈçʹÓÃδ¾¹ýУÕýµÄÈÝÁ¿Æ¿¡¢ÒÆÒº¹ÜºÍíÀÂëµÈ¡£ 2¡¢·½·¨Îó²î
ÕâÖÖÎó²îÊÇÓÉÓÚ·ÖÎö·½·¨±¾ÉíÔì³ÉµÄ¡£ÈçÔڵζ¨¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÓÉÓÚ·ÖÓ¦½øÐеIJ»ÍêÈ«£¬»¯Ñ§¼ÆÁ¿µãºÍµÎ¶¨Öյ㲻Ïà·ûºÏ£¬ÒÔ¼°ÓÉÓÚÌõ¼þûÓпØÖƺúͷ¢ÉúÆäËü¸±·´Ó¦µÈµÈÔÒò£¬¶¼»áÒýÆðϵͳµÄ²â¶¨Îó²î¡£ 3¡¢ÊÔ¼ÁÎó²î
ÕâÖÖÎó²îÊÇÓÉÓÚËùÓÃÕôÁóË®º¬ÓÐÔÓÖÊ»òËùʹÓõÄÊÔ¼Á²»´¿ËùÒýÆðµÄ¡£ 4¡¢²Ù×÷Îó²î
ÕâÖÖÎó²îÊÇÓÉÓÚ·ÖÎö²Ù×÷ÕßÕÆÎÕ·ÖÎö²Ù×÷µÄÌõ¼þ²»ÊìÁ·£¬¸öÈ˹۲ìÆ÷¹Ù²»ÃôÈñºÍ¹ÌÓеÄÏ°¹ßËùÖ¡£Èç¶ÔµÎ¶¨ÖÕµãÑÕÉ«µÄÅжÏÆ«Éî»òƫdz£¬¶ÔÒÇÆ÷¿Ì¶È±êÏ߶ÁÊý²»×¼È·µÈ¶¼»áÒýÆð²â¶¨Îó²î¡£
2.2 żȻÎó²î
£¨Ò»£©Å¼È»Îó²îµÄ¹æÂÉ
żȻÎó²îÓÖ³ÆËæ»úÎó²î£¬ÊÇÖ¸²â¶¨ÖµÊܸ÷ÖÖÒòËصÄËæ»ú²¨¶¯¶øÒýÆðµÄÎó²î¡£ÀýÈ磬²âÁ¿Ê±µÄ»·¾³Î¶ȡ¢Êª¶ÈºÍÆøѹµÄ΢С²¨¶¯£¬ÒÇÆ÷ÐÔÄܵÄ΢С±ä»¯µÈ£¬¶¼»áʹ·ÖÎö½á¹ûÔÚÒ»¶¨·¶Î§ÄÚ²¨¶¯¡£Å¼È»Îó²îµÄÐγÉÈ¡¾öÓڲⶨ¹ý³ÌÖÐһϵÁÐËæ»úÒòËØ£¬Æä´óСºÍ·½Ïò¶¼ÊDz»¹Ì¶¨µÄ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÎÞ·¨²âÁ¿£¬Ò²²»¿ÉÄÜУÕý£¬ËùÒÔżȻÎó²îÓֳɲ»¿É²âÎó²î£¬ËüÊǿ͹۴æÔڵģ¬ÊDz»¿É±ÜÃâµÄ¡£
´Ó±íÃæÉÏ¿´£¬Å¼È»Îó²îËƺõûÓйæÂɵģ¬µ«ÊÇÔÚÏû³ýϵͳÎó²îÖ®ºó£¬ÔÚͬÑùÌõ¼þÏ£¬½øÐз´¸´¶à´ÎµÄ²â¶¨£¬·¢ÏÖżȻÎó²î»¹ÊÇÓйæÂɵģ¬ËûÊÇ×ñ´ÓÕý̬·Ö²¼£¨¼´¸ß˹·Ö²¼£©¹æÂÉ¡£