andthemedicalwoman’ssymbolicvalueasanagentofhealinginpost-CivilWarAmerica.AnexplorationofthislargelyoverlookedearlyprosedemonstratesthatPhelpsplayedaninstrumentalroleinlegitimizingtheAmericanmedicalwomanduringacrucialearlierperiodwhenthenumberofwomendoctorsintheUnitedStatesincreasedsubstantially,butthewomandoctorremainedperhapsthemostcontroversialnewpresenceonthenation’soccupationallandscape.
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
1.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPhelps’writing?
A.WhilePhelps’earlierworksdidagreatdealtowardlegitimizingthefigureoftheAmericanwomandoctor,hernovelDoctorZaydidnot.
B.CriticshavetendedtounderestimatetheimpactPhelps’earlierworkhadinhelpingtolegitimizethefigureoftheAmericanwomandoctorduringanimportantperiod.
C.Thesubstantialincreaseinthenumberofwomandoctorsinpost-CivilWarAmericawasamoresignificantfactorthanwasPhelps’writinginhelpingtolegitimizewomandoctorsinpost-CivilWarAmerica.
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.2.Thepassageprovidesinformationonwhichofthefollowing?
A.ThepublicresponsetotheemergenceofwomendoctorsduringPhelps’lifetime
B.HowPhelps’earlierworksadvancedthecauseofAmericanwomendoctors
C.TherelativefameofDoctorZayincomparisonwithPhelps’otherwritings
答案：BABC
Passage36
Abird’splumage,whilecontributingtostructuralintegrityandparticipatinginaeriallocomotion,completelyobscuresabird’sinternalactivityfromhumanview,greatlyimpedingourattemptstounderstandbirdsasfunctioninganimals.Plumagehasevenmadeitdifficulttodescribebirdmovement.Whendescribingthemovementofmammals,writersturntowell-wornclichéslike“graceinmotion.”Amammal’sripplingmusclesslidesmoothlyoveroneanotherineye-catchingways.Withamammal,whetheramouseorhippopotamus,werecognizethattheunderlyingbodypartsaresimilartoourownandweknowthesepartswillactpredictably.Notsowithabird.Forcenturies,weknewlittlemoreaboutabird’smovementthanthatitwasamysterythatseemedtobebasedontheflappingofwings.
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
1.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasaneffectofbirdplumage?
33A.Itcontributestoabird’sabilitytofly.B.Ithidestheinnerworkingsofbirds.
C.Itcontributestothestructuralsoundnessofbirds.
2.Theauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutthe“underlyingbodyparts”ofnonhumanmammals?
A.Theyaremoresimilartohumans’underlyingbodypartsthanmostpeopleassume.
B.Theyaremorepredictableintheirworkingsthanaretheunderlyingbodypartsofhumans.
C.Theirsmoothandgratefulactionsbeliehowcomplicatedtheyactuallyare.
D.Theyworkinmuchdifferentwaysthandotheunderlyingbodypartsofmostbirds.
E.Theyareeasiertoobserveandunderstandthanareunderlyingpartsofbirds.
答案：ABCE
Passage37
Inthe1920s,Gerstmanndescribedasetofproblemsfoundinpeoplewhohavesuffereddamagetothebrain’sleftparietallobe,problemsthatincludebeingunabletounderstandarithmeticandhavingdifficultyidentifyingone’sfingers.ThereisstillnoagreementonwhetherthesymptomsGerstmannnoticedconstituteasyndrome,butthepartsofthebrainusedforstoringfactsaboutnumbersandforrepresentingthefingersareclosetoeachother.Mentalrepresentationsofnumbersandoffingersmaythereforebefunctionallyconnected.A2005experimenthadpeopleperformsometasksrequiringdexterityandothersinvolvingmatchingpairsofnumbers,whileanareaoftheirparietallobes—theleftangulargyrus—wasstimulatedbyamagneticfield.Facilityatbothsetsoftaskswasimpaired.
1.Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelyagreethatthehighlightedstatementsuggests
A.aflawintheexperimentconductedin2005
B.ameansbywhichdexteritymightcompensateforalossofarithmeticability
C.anexplanationforsomeofGerstmann’sobservationsD.ananomalyinsomeofGerstmann’sresults
E.areasontodoubtdamagetotheleftparietallobeasacausalfactorincertainsymptoms
2.Theauthorofthepassagedescribesthe“2005experiment”anditsresultsprimarilyinorderto
A.establishtheproximitybetweenthepartofthebrainusedforstoringnumericalinformationandthepartusedforrepresentingthefingers
B.illustratetheimplicationsthatGerstmann’sworkmayhavefor
34experimentalresearch
C.castdoubtontheideathatdamagetotheleftparietallobecausesthesetofproblemsthatGerstmanndescribed
D.supportahypothesisaboutasignificantassociationbetweenpartsofthebrainrelatedtofingersandtonumbers
E.suggestthattheproblemsGerstmannnotedinrelationtonumbersandfingershaveadifferentcausethantheotherproblemsassociatedwithparietallobedamage
答案：CD
Passage38
AnalyzinglevelsofproportionalrepresentationofAmericanIndiansinstateandlocalgovernmentjobsisimportantforseveralreasons.First,thebasicideaunderlyingthetheoryofrepresentativebureaucracyisthatthedemographiccompositionofbureaucracyshouldmirrorthedemographiccompositionofthegeneralpublic.Thisisbecauseinadditiontoitssymbolicvalue,increasedaccesstomanagerialpositionmayleadtogreaterresponsivenessonthepartofpolicymakerstothepolicyinterestsoftraditionallydisadvantagedgroupssuchasAmericanIndians.Second,thefocusonhigherleveljobsinbureaucracies(asopposedtonon-managerialpositions)isespeciallyimportantbecausemanagerialpositionsrepresentamajorsourceofeconomicprogressformembersoftraditionallydisadvantagedgroups,asthesejobsconfergoodsalaries,benefits,status,security,andmobility.Third,itisimportanttoknowiftherehasbeengrowthintheAmericanIndianshareofmoredesirablepublicsectorpositionsoverthelasttwodecades.Forinstance,PetersonandDuncanarguethatthepopulationandpowerofAmericanIndianshavebeengrowingincertainstates.PetersonandDuncanalsosuggestthatthisgrowthmayreflectthepossibilitythatAmericanIndianpopulationarebecomingmoreactiveinnontraditionalareasofpolitics,assimilatingintomainstreamculture,andsecuringwithgreaterfrequencyleadershippositionsinnon-tribalgovernment.
1.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.SummarizeademographictrendoverttimeB.Presentfindingsonademographicgroup
C.AnalyzethedemographiccompositionofatypeofjobD.ExplaintheneedforparticularsocialresearchE.Arguefortheimplementationofasocialpolicy
2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentenceinthecontextofthepassageaswhole?
A.Ithypothesizesaphenomenonthatmightexplainapointmadeintheprecedingsentence.
B.Itprovidesevidencethatunderminesthatassertionmadeinthefirstsentence.
35C.Itoffersaprojectionregardingthedevelopmentofatrendmentionedearlierinthepassage.
D.Itpresentsaninterpretationofadiscrepancynotedearlierinthepassage.
E.Itproposedanimplementationofapolicymentionedintheprecedingsentence.
3.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingregarding“accesstomanagerialpositions”fordisadvantagedgroups?
A.Thisaccessisonlysignificantwhenthepercentageofdisadvantagedgroupmembersinmanagerialpositionsmirrorsthepercentofthatgroupinthegeneralpublic.
B.Thisaccessislargelytheresultofpolicydecisionsmaderesponsetointerestofthosegroups.
C.Thisaccesshasmeaningapartfromanypolicybenefitsitconferonthosegroups.
D.Thisaccessoftencreatesincreasedaccesstonon-managerialpositionforthosegroups.
E.Theextentofthisaccesstendstobesimilaracrossdifferentdisadvantagedgroups.
答案：DCC
Passage39
Someattineantscarryvegetationintotheirnestsandaddfungalmaterial,therebycreating“gardens”inwhichfungalfoodfortheantsgrow.Becausetheantsplaythebehaviorallyactiverole,itseemscompellingtosaythattheycultivateandcontrolthepassivefungi.Butevenifthatistrue,thesymbioticassociationhasexistedforsolongthatcultivartraitsmayhaveevolvedinthefungithatbenefitthefungibutnotnecessarilytheants.Furthermore,manymicroorganismshavedevelopedsophisticatedmechanismstomanipulatethephysiologyandbehavioroftheirsymbioticanimals.Itisnotimplausible,therefore,thattheants’fungihaveevolvedchemicalandphysiologicalschemesthatalterantbehaviortoservethefungus’reproductiveinterests,possiblyevencompromisingthereproductiveinterestsfortheanthosts.
1.Thepassagepointsoutwhichofthefollowinginordertoexplaintheappealofthenotionthatsomeattineantscultivateandcontrolfungus?
A.Theantsplaythebehaviorallyactiverolesinthesymbioticrelationship.
B.Theantspurposefullycarryvegetationintotheirnestsfortheirownconsumption.
C.Fungusisphysiologicallyapassivesubstance.
D.Otherorganismsareabletomanipulatetheirsymbioticpartners.E.Thechemicalandphysiologicalpropertiesofthefungusaresubjecttoantinfluence.
36