goodsifgiventheopportunity.

D.Arecentstudyindicatesthatlargenumbersofformerindustrialworkershaveretrainedandfoundemploymentasskilled,highly-paidcomputerworkers.

E.InterviewswithrepresentativesatmajoragenciesfortemporaryemploymentintheUnitedStatessuggestthattheyvaluetheskillsofformerindustrialworkers.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthehighlighted“critics”believewhichofthefollowingabout“hourglass”effect?

A.Itinvolvestherelegationofindustrialworkerstolessdesirablejobs.B.Itrequiresthatworkersmakeshort-termsacrificestoachievelong-termgains.

C.Itaffectsnon-unionizedworkersmorestronglythanitdoesunionizedworkers.

D.Itrepresentsanincreaseinunemploymentforthoseintheservicesector.

E.Itthreatensthestatusofthetechnologicalandfinancialelite.

答案：BDA

Passage32

SomehistoriansquestionthewidelyheldbeliefthatcontinuallyimprovingeducationledtogradualAfricanAmericanempowermentinthesouthernUnitedStatesfromthelatenineteenthcenturythroughthemid-twentiethcentury.TheynotethatthedevelopmentofBlackeducationalinstitutionsinthesegregatedSouthwasneverrapidorsteady:disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.AndAfricanAmericans’educationalgainsdidnotbringcommensurateeconomicgains.Startinginthe1940s,evenasBlackandWhiteschoolsintheSouthmovedsteadilytowardequality,Blacksouthernersremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjobdiscrimination.AlthoughBlackschoolshadachievednearparitywithWhiteschoolsinpercapitaspendingandteachers’salariesby1965,AfricanAmericans’incomestilllaggedbehindthatofWhites.Nonetheless,educationalprogressdidcontributetowardeconomicandpoliticalempowerment.AfricanAmericans’campaignstosupportBlackschoolsfosteredasenseofcommunity,nurturedpoliticaldetermination,andoftenincreasedliteracy.Moresignificantly,politicallyoutspokenBlacknewspapersachievedrecordcirculationduringthe1940s,justastheliteracyrateamongAfricanAmericansapproached90percent.Finally,theleadershipoftheCivilRightsmovementofthe1960swascomposedlargelyofgraduatesofBlackcolleges.

1.Theauthorofthepassagereferstothefactthat“disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury”mostlikelyinorderto

29A.supporttheargumentthattheeconomicstrugglesofsouthernBlackswerelargelyduetoeducationalinequalities

B.giveanexampleofthedifferencesbetweenBlackschoolsintheearlypartofthetwentiethcenturyandBlackschoolsstartinginthe1940s

C.illustratetheunevennessoftheprogressmadebyBlackschoolsinthesouthernUnitedStates

D.helpexplainwhyBlackremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjobdiscriminationinthesegregatedSouth

E.provideevidencethateducationalprogresswasapreconditionforeconomicprogressinthesegregatedSouth

2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepurposeofthehighlightedsentence?

A.Itclarifiesapointintroducedintheprecedingsentence.

B.Itreiteratesapointintroducedinthefirstsentenceofthepassage.C.Itquestionstheaccuracyofsomeoftheevidenceusedtosupporttheargumentofthehistorians.

D.Itintroducesaperspectivethatrunscontrarytotheviewofthosewhoendorsethe“belief.”

E.Itqualifiestheinterpretationmadebythehistorians.

3.ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheCivilRightsmovement?

A.ItgaverisetoarapidincreaseinthenumberofBlacknewspaperspublishedintheSouth.

B.ItspoliticaleffectivenesswasgreatlyenhancedbytheincreasedcirculationofBlacknewspapers.

C.ItsleadershipbenefitedfromimprovementsineducationforAfricanAmericans.

D.ItwastheforceprimarilyresponsibleforincreasingpercapitaspendinginBlackschools.

E.Itwasresponsibleforchangingmanyhistorians’viewoftherelationbetweeneducationandAfricanAmericanempowerment.

答案：CEC

Passage33

Aninfluentialearlyviewheldthatecosystemscontainnichesforalimitednumberofspeciesandthatcompetitionforresourcesamongspecies—whethernativeornonnativeinvadingones—determinesecosystems’speciescomposition.However,factorsotherthancompetitionoftenhelpexplaininvadingspecies’success.Forexample,theAmericangreysquirrel,oftencitedasaclassicexampleofcompetitivelysuperiorinvadingspecies,wasintroducedinEnglandin1876andnowthrives,whilethenativeredsquirrelpopulationhasdeclined.Althoughscientistshavefoundgraysquirrelstobemoreefficientforagersthanredones,theyalsonotethatevenbeforethegraysquirrel’sarrival,Britain’sredsquirrel

30populationshadaperiodictendencytodieout,onlytobesubsequentlyreintroduced.Furthermore,manygraysquirrelsaresilentcarriersofadiseasefataltoredsquirrels.

1.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagementionstheefficiencywithwhichgraysquirrelsforageprimarilyinorderto

A.identifyafactorthatexplainsacertainphenomenonB.callattentiontoaninconsistencyinaparticulartheory

C.suggestthatcompetitioncannotbethefactorresponsibleforaparticularoutcome

D.acknowledgeafactthatappearstosupportaviewthattheauthorintendstoqualify

E.citeevidencethatisnotconsistentwithanearlyinfluentialviewaboutspeciescompetition

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthe“earlyview?”

A.Itreflectsamistakenassumptionaboutthemeansbywhichnonnativespeciesareintroducedintoecosystems.

B.ItsbasicpremiseisshowntobevalidbytheeffectofAmericangraysquirrelsonBritain’sredsquirrelpopulation.

C.Itpresentsasimplisticpictureofthemeansbywhichspeciescompositionwithinecosystemsisdetermined.

D.Itcaneffectivelyexplaintheformationofecosystemsthatcontainfewspeciesbutcannotadequatelyaccountfortheformationofcomplexecosystems.

E.Itunderstatestheimportanceofcompetitionasafactordeterminingspeciescompositionwithinecosystems.

答案：DC

Passage34

TherevivalofmuralpaintingthathasoccurredinSanFranciscosincethe1970s,especiallyamongtheChicanopopulationofthecity’sMissionDistrict,hasmarkeddifferencesfromitssocialrealistforerunnerinMexicoandtheUnitedStatessome40yearsearlier.Ratherthanbeinggovernmentsponsoredandlimitedtomuralsongovernmentbuildings,thecontemporarymuralmovementsprangfromthepeoplethemselves,withmuralsappearingoncommunitybuildingsandthroughoutcollegecampuses.Perhapsthebiggestdifference,however,istheprocess.Inearliertwentieth-centuryMexico,muralsresultedfromthevisionofindividualartists.Buttoday’smuralsarecharacteristicallytheproductsofartistsworkingwithlocalresidentsondesignandcreation.

SuchcommunityengagementischaracteristicoftheChicanoartmovementasawhole,whichevolvedfromthesamefoundationsastheChicanocivilrightsmovementofthemid-1960s.BothwereadirectresponsetotheneedsofChicanosintheUnitedStates,whowerefighting

31fortherighttoadequateeducation,politicalempowerment,anddecentworkingconditions.Artistsjoinedotherculturalworkersinmakingpoliticalstatementsandplayedakeyroleintakingthesestatementstothepublic.Theydevelopedcollectivesandestablishedculturalcentersthatfunctionedasthepublic-relationsarmoftheChicanosociopoliticalmovement.

1.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.argueforthesuperiorityofastyleofartB.considertheimpactofanartmovement

C.describethepoliticalcontentofacertainworksofartD.detailthecharacteristicstyleofanartmovementE.placeanartmovementinitshistoricalcontext

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthe“culturalcenters”istrue?

A.TheywerethevenuewheremanylaterleadersoftheChicanocivilrightsmovementfirstbecamepoliticallyactive.

B.Thoughlaterwidespread,theyoriginatedinSanFranciscoarea.

C.Springingupinanumberofcommunities,theyinitiallyhadlargelyapoliticalgoalscenteredonartinstruction.

D.TheyconstitutedthenucleusfromwhichtheChicanocivilrightsmovementoriginated.

E.Foundedbyartists,theyprovidedsupportfortheChicanocivilrightsmovement.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthefirstparagraphandthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

A.Thefirstfocusesonthemuralartistsasindividuals;thesecond,ontheiractionsasagroup.

B.Thefirstcomparesthemuralrevivalwithanearlierartisticmovement;theseconddescribesthecontextcontemporarytotherevival

C.Thefirstdefinestherevivalbydistinguishingitfromanearlierartisticmovement;thesecondaddressesthepoliticalgoalsofboththerevivalanditsforerunner

D.Thefirstpresentsanapparentlyplausibleaccountoftherelationshipbetweentherevivalandisforerunner,thesecondcallsthataccountintoquestion

E.ThefirstisconcernedwiththeartisticaimsandambitionsbehindtheSanFranciscomurals;thesecondconsiderstheirpoliticalsignificance

答案：EEB

Passage35

AlthoughElizabethStuartPhelps’novelDoctorZay(1882)dominatescriticaldiscussionofPhelps’interestinwomandoctors,precedingitweremanylittle-knownwritingsbyPhelps.Thesewritingsunderscoredtheachievementsofalreadyestablishedwomendoctors,theimperativeofmedicallyeducatingandtrainingwomeninthefaceofperniciousresistance,

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