A.evaluatetwocontrastingapproachestoislandbiodiversity

B.discusstherelevanceofcertaindatapertainingtoislandbiodiversityC.callintoquestionaparticularunderstandingofislandbiodiversityD.considervariousreasonsforreducedbiodiversityonislandsE.contrastlargeandsmallislandsintermsofoverallbiodiversityConsidereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,factorsofpotentialimportancetohumancommunitiesonislandsinclude

A.theaccessibilityofthesea’sresources

B.adietsuperiorinsomerespectstothedietoflandlockedcommunities

C.nonbiologicalresourcesthatcanbeexploited

3.Theauthorsuggeststhatinconsideringthebiodiversityofislands,Evans

A.focusestooexclusivelyonterrestrialresources

B.misunderstandstherelationshipbetweenanisland’ssizeanditsterrestrialresources

C.misinterpretstheworkofMacArthurandWilson

D.iswrongtoassumethatmoreremoteislandssupportfewerspeciesE.downplaysthewaysthathumancommunitiesadapttoislandbiodiversity

答案：CABCA

Passage28

AcriticalconsensushasemergedthatMaryMcCarthywillberememberedprimarilyasanessayistratherthanasanovelist.Butdespiteherformidablegiftsasapolemicalanddiscursivewriter,andforallherreputationasanintellectualwhosacrificedfeelingtointelligence,whatpowersMcCarthy’sbestessaysareherfictionalratherthanstrictlyintellectualgifts.Shemakesherpointsbytellingstoriesorbywayofvividdescription,arrestingimagesandsubtlecharacterization.Andforallherexactingsenseoffact,McCarthy’sgreatestcontributionwastoblurthedistinctionsbetweendifferentkindsofprosewriting:toshowhowfictioncouldbeopeneduptothethinkingmindandhowessayscouldprofitfromthetechniquesoffiction.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

1.TheauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatMaryMcCarthy’swritingischaracterizedby

A.TheuseinheressaysofdevicesmoretypicalinworksoffictionB.Anarrowingofthedifferencesbetweennarrativeandexpositoryprose

C.Carefulattentiontofactualaccuracy.

2.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“discursive”mostnearlymeans

25A.ProlificB.SophisticC.RamblingD.AnalyticalE.Circuitous答案：ABCD

Passage29

SomearchaeologistsspeculatethattheAmericasmighthavebeeninitiallycolonizedbetween40,000and25,000yearsago.However,tosupportthistheoryitisnecessarytoexplaintheabsenceofgenerallyacceptedhabitationsitesforthattimeintervalinwhatisnowtheUnitedStates.Australia,whichhasasmallerlandareathantheUnitedStates,hasmanysuchsites,supportingthegenerallyacceptedclaimthatthecontinentwascolonizedbyhumansatleast40,000yearsago.Australiaislessdenselypopulated(resultinginlowerchancesofdiscoveringsites)andwithitsoverallgreaterariditywouldhavepresentedconditionslessfavorableforhunter-gathereroccupation.Proportionally,atleastasmuchlandareahasbeenlostfromthecoastalregionsofAustraliabecauseofpostglacialsea-levelriseasintheUnitedStates,soanycoastalarchaeologicalrecordinAustraliashouldhavebeendepletedaboutasmuchasacoastalrecordintheUnitedStates.Sincetherearesomanyresource-richriversleadinginlandfromtheUnitedStatescoastlines,itseemsimplausiblethatagrowingpopulationofhumanswouldhaveconfineditselftocoastsforthousandsofyears.Ifinhabitantswerepresent25,000yearsago,thechancesoftheirappearinginthearchaeologicalrecordwouldseemtobegreaterthanforAustralia.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdoingwhichofthefollowing?

A.PresentinganobjectiontoaclaimB.AccountingforanapparentanomalyC.OutlininganalternativeinterpretationD.CorrectingaparticularmisconceptionE.Questioningthevalidityofacomparison

2.Theauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingabout25,000yearsago?

A.ThecoastlineoftheregionthatisnowtheUnitedStatesislongerthanitwas40,000yearsago.

B.RiversinwhatisnowtheUnitedStateswerenumerousthantheyarenow.

C.AustraliawaslessdenselypopulatedatthattimethanwastheregionthatisnowtheUnitedStates.

D.Australia’sclimatewassignificantlydrierthanitisnow.E.Globalsealevelwaslowerthanitisnow.

263.Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthat,inwhatisnowtheUnitedStates,archaeologicalevidenceofinhabitationintheperiodfrom40,000to25,000yearsagoislackingbecausethatregionis

A.haditsoldesthabitationsitesinundatedfollowingapostglacialriseinsealevel

B.hasmanyresource-richriversthatfacilitatedthedispersalofearlyinhabitantsfromaninitialconcentrationincoastalareas

C.wassparselypopulateduntilabout25,000yearsagoD.wascolonizedlessthan25,000yearsago

E.wasinhabitedonlybyhunter-gatherersuntil25,000yearsago

答案：AED

Passage30

Animalslivelongerwhentheircalorieintakeisrestrictedtotwo-thirdsofwhatisconsiderednormalfortheirspecies.Animalssorestrictedarealsogenerallyhealthier:mostdisease,includingcancer,diabetes,andneurodegenerativeillness,areforestalled.(Q2)Thisphenomenonwaslongattributedtoasimpleslowingofmetabolism(cells’productionofenergyfromfuelmolecules)andconsequentreproductionofitstoxicby-productsinresponsetolessfood.Infact,however,calorierestrictiondoesnotslowmammalianmetabolism,and(Q1)inyeastandworms,metabolismisbothspedupandaltered.Somescientistsnowtheorizethatcalorierestrictionisabiologicalstressorthat,likenaturalfoodscarcity,inducesamorecomplexdefensiveresponse,whichinmammalsincludeschangesincellulardefensesandrepair.

1.Inthepassage,thefunctionofthehighlightedportionisto

A.Providespecificexamplesoforganismswhoselongevitydoesnotincreaseinresponsetocalorierestriction.

B.Illustratetheprobablemeansbywhichorganismsplacedonacalorie-restrictiondietcompensateforthereductioninavailablefood-basedlevel.

C.Suggestthemechanismthatisresponsibleforprolongingthelifeoforganismwhosecalorieintakeissignificantlyreduced.

D.Giveanexamplethatexplainwhyscientists’thinkingaboutthephysiologicaleffectsofcalorierestrictionchanged.

E.Distinguishthedifferentwaysthatmammalianandnon-mammalianmetabolismsrespondtosignificantreductionsincalorieintake

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.Thepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingabouttheexplanationmentionedinthehighlightedtext?

A.Thereareempiricalfindingsthatconflictwithapresumptionoftheexplanation.

B.Theexplanationpredictsthattheeffectofcalorierestrictiononlongevitywillbethegreatestforthespecieswiththehighestrateof

27metabolism.

C.Theexplanationpredictsthattheeffectsofcalorierestrictionwillbeuniformlypositive.

答案：DA

Passage31

The“deindustrialization”thesisofBluestoneandHarrisonassertsthatthereplacementofdomesticwithforeignmanufacturingbegunbyUnitedStatescorporationsinthelate1960sresultedina“hollowingout”ofAmericanindustry,wherebyworkersdisplacedfrommanufacturingjobsthroughmassiveplantclosingsfoundthemselvesmovingmoreorlesspermanentlyintolower-paying,lesssecurejobsorintounemployment.Criticsofthedeindustrializationthesishavearguedthatnewserviceandhigh-technologysectorsoftheUnitedStateseconomyhaverecentlycreatedasubstantialnumberofjobs.Whilethesecriticsdonotdenythepainfulaspectsofthistransitionfromanindustrialtoaservice-andinformation-basedeconomy,theyarguethatitwillbeshort-term,andanecessaryeviliftheUnitedStatesistohavelong-termincreasesinlivingstandards.Criticsoftheemergingeconomy,however,pointtodisturbingevidenceofan“hourglass”effect:ashrinkingmiddletierofmanagerialandblue-collarunionizedworkersandconsequentpolarizationofincomes.Theemergenceofatechnicalandfinancialelite,theyargue,hasbroughtforthahostoflow-wagejobstoservicetheneweconomy,anditisthisservicesectorthatmanyex-industrialworkersmustseek.

1.Thepurposeofthepassageisto

A.analyzetheeventsthatcontributedtoaneconomicphenomenonB.presentdifferentviewsonthenatureandimpactofaneconomicphenomenon

C.distinguishbetweentheshort-termandlong-termeffectsofaneconomicphenomenon

D.challengeadominanttheoryabouthowtosolvetheproblemscreatedbyaneconomicphenomenon

E.presentnewevidencetosuggestthataneconomicphenomenonismorecomplexthanhadpreviouslybeenbelieved

2.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmosttendtoweakenthedeindustrializationthesisofBluestoneandHarrison?

A.asurveyofthespousesofformerindustrialworkersrevealsasignificantincreaseinthenumberofworkingspousessincethemid-1960s.

B.datafromthemostrecentUnitedStatescensusshowthatfewerindividualslisttheiroccupationasindustrialworkerthaninthecensusfromtenyearsearlier.

C.arandomsurveyofUnitedStatesconsumersindicatesthatamajorityofthosesurveyedwouldprefertobuyUnitedStates-manufacturing

28