Cahokiansconsumedalmosteveryotheranimalproteinsourceavailable,（Q2）thearchaeologistsconductingthestudiesconcludedthepassengerpigeonpopulationhadoncebeenverylimitedbeforeincreasingdramaticallyinpost-ColumbianAmerica.Otherarchaeologistshavecriticizedthoseconclusionsonthegroundsthatpassengerpigeonboneswouldnotbelikelytobepreserved.Butallthearchaeologicalprojectsfoundplentyofbirdbones-andeven（Q1）tinybonesfromfish.
1.Theauthorofthepassagementions“tinybonesfromfish”primarilyinorderto
A.explainwhytracesofpassengerpigeonarerareatCahokiansitesB.supportaclaimaboutthewidevarietyofanimalproteinsintheCahokiandiet
C.provideevidencethatconfirmsatheoryabouttheextinctionofthepassengerpigeon
D.castdoubtontheconclusionreachedbythearchaeologistswhoconductedthestudiesdiscussedinthepassage
E.counteranobjectiontoaninterpretationofthedataobtainedfromCahokiansites
2.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostcallintoquestionthereasoningof“thearchaeologistsconductingthestudies”?
A.Audubonwasunabletocorrectlyidentifytwelfth-centuryCahokiansites
B.Audubonmadehisobservationsbeforepassengerpigeon
populationsbegantodecline.
C.Passengerpigeonswouldhavebeenattractedtohouseholdfoodtrash
D.Archaeologisthavefoundpassengerpigeonremainsamongfoodwasteateighteenth-centuryhumansettlements
E.Passengerpigeonstendednottoroostatthesamesitesforverymanygenerations
答案：EE
Passage15
Feministscholarshavetendedtoregardwomeninthe
nineteenth-centuryUnitedStateswhoelectedtoremainsingleaschampionsofwomen’sautonomyandascriticsofmarriageasanoppressiveinstitution.Indeed,manynineteenth-centuryAmericanwomenwhoparticipatedinreformmovementsorwhodistinguishedthemselvesaswritersandprofessionalsweresingle.Yetthisviewofsinglewomentendstodistortthemeaningoftheirchoices.Thenineteenthcenturysawtheelevationofmarriageforloveasaspiritualideal.Consequently,itbecamesociallyacceptableforwomennottomarryifsuchanidealmarriagecouldnotbe
13realizedwithanavailablesuitor.Thus,manywomen’schoicetoremainsinglereflectednotanegativeviewofmarriagebutahighlyidealisticone.
1.Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthatmanynineteenth-centuryAmericanwomenchosetoremainsinglebecausethey
A.believedthatmarriagerequiredthemtogiveupmuchoftheirautonomy
B.hadattitudestowardmarriagethatwereinfluencedbycontemporaryreformmovements
C.wantedtotakeadvantageofincreasingopportunitiestodistinguishthemselvesasprofessionals
D.doubtedthattheirownmarriagewouldliveuptotheirnotionofwhatamarriageoughttobe
E.hadanegativeviewofmarriagefosteredbyachangeinsocialattitudesduringthenineteenthcentury
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
2.Theauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatthefeministscholarsmentionedinthefirstsentencedistortthemeaningofcertainnineteenth-centuryAmericanwomen’schoicesby
A.ascribingthosechoicestoaparticularattitudetowardmarriage
B.ignoringevidenceaboutsinglewomen’smotivesforbecomingwritersorprofessionals
C.overestimatingthenumberofnineteenth-centuryAmericanwomenwhoweresinglebychoice.
答案：DA
Passage16
Manyresearchersattributethelargenumberofphysiologicalandbehavioralsimilaritiesbetweenbirdsandmammals,whichhaveseparateevolutionaryhistories,toendothermy(athermoregulatorystrategywherebywarmbodytemperatureismaintainedthroughinternalheatsources).However,Farmerarguesthatparentalcareratherthanendothermyisthekeytounderstandingthesimilaritiesbetweenmammalsandbirds.AccordingtoFarmer,whileendothermyprovidesanexplanationforafewsimilarities,suchasthepresenceofbodyinsulation,endothermyisjustonecharacteristicamongmanyrelatedtoparentalcare.Thetwopurportedadvantagesofendothermythathavebeenmostfrequentlycitedbyresearchersareanexpandedrangeofinhabitableenvironmentsandtheabilitytosustainvigorousexercise.Butmetabolismhastoincreasesubstantially(atgreatenergycost)thereforeconferringanysignificantthermoregulatoryadvantageintermsoftheformer,andthereisnocausalbiologicallinkagetoexplainwhyendothermywouldbeessentialtosustainexercise.Farmerarguesinsteadthatendothermyevolvedasameanstocontrolincubationtemperatureandthattheabilitytosustainexerciseevolvedseparately,asameanstoimproveaparent’sabilitytoforageand
14provisionitsyoung.
1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
A.presentascientifictheorythatchallengesawidelyheldtheoryB.summarizethebasisforalargebodyofscientificresearch
C.defendanestablishedscientifictheoryinlightofrecentcriticismD.expressskepticismabouttheresultsobtainedbyaparticularresearcher
E.comparetheresultsoftwoparticularscientificstudies
2.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizestheorganizationofthepassageasawhole?
A.Apositionisnoted,analternativetothatpositionisintroduced,andthenseveralpointsinsupportofthealternativearediscussed.
B.Atheoryisdiscussed,aninconsistencywithinthattheoryisillustrated,andthenarecommendationismadeforfurtherinquiry.
C.Certainresearchresultsaredescribed,thesignificanceofthoseresultsisexplained,andthenanovelinterpretationofthoseresultsissummarized.
D.Aquestionisposed,apossibleanswertothatquestionissuggested,andthenevidenceisprovidedtocorroboratethatanswer.
E.Adebateisoutlined,contrastingviewpointswithinthedebatearediscussed,andthenoneviewpointisdemonstratedtobecorrect.
3.Accordingtothepassage,Farmerconcedesthatendothermyprovidesanexplanationforwhichofthefollowingfeaturessharedbybirdsandmammals?
A.Theabilitytoforage
B.TheabilitytosustainexerciseC.TheinstincttocareforoffspringD.FlexibilityinhabitatusageE.Bodyinsulation
答案：AAE
Passage17
ProminentamongtheoriesofthefunctionofsleepisMeddis’immobilizationhypothesis,whichholdsthatsleep,ratherthanservingarestorativefunction,playsaprotectiveroleduringtimesthatanimalscannotbeusefullyengagedinotheractivities.Meddisreasonedthatanimalsnotimmediatelythreatenedbypredatorswouldbesaferiftheypassedthetimesleeping.
However,thathypothesiscannoteasilyexplainwhyoneoftenobservesareboundinsleeptimeorintensityfollowingaperiodofsleepdeprivation.Neitherdoesthehypothesisexplaintheexistenceofvariousstatesofsleep,whichthemselvesmaybeassociatedwithdifferentfunctions.
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
1.Accordingtothepassage,theimmobilizationhypothesisfailsto
15accountforwhichofthefollowingfacts?
A.ThatsleepdoesnotappeartobeauniformandunchangingstateB.Thatundercertainconditionsanimalsappeartoneedmoresleepthanusual
C.Thatanimalsrarelysleepwhenapredatorhasbeendetectednearby2.Inthecontextofthepassageasawhole,thehighlightedportionservesprimarilyto
A.presentthethinkingthatledscientiststoqualifyawidelyacceptedview
B.describethebasisonwhichahypothesiswasadvanced
C.illustratethekindofreasoningthatisappliedinabranchofscienceD.explainhowahypothesiscanbetestedempiricallyE.relatetheanalysisthatrefinedatentativeexplanation
答案：ABB
Passage18
In1919Britainexperienceditslargesteverreductioninindustrialworkinghours,to48perweek.InDowie’sviewthe48-hourweekplayedacentralroleinBritain’spooreconomicperformanceduringthe1920s.Dowiearguedthatthereduction,togetherwithrapidwagegrowth,droveupprices.However,GreaslyandOxleyfoundthattheFirstWorldWar(1914-1918)constitutedamorepowerfulnegativemacroeconomicshocktoBritain’scompetitiveness.AndScottarguesthatDowie’sthesisignoresconsiderableevidencethathourlyproductivityimproveswhenhoursarereducedfromahighbaselevel.Crucially,Dowie’sthesisdoesnotacknowledgethathourswerereducedtoaround48hoursaweekforindustrialworkersinmostindustrializednationsatthistimesofar—undermininganypotentialimpactofreducedhoursonindustrialproductivityrelativetoothernations.
1.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestsupportforScott’sargument?
A.Companieshavegenerallyfoundthatpart-timeemployeesarelessproductivethanfull-timeones.
B.Whenthetotalnumberofhoursworkedatacompanyincreasesowingtotheadditionofmoreemployees,theusualresultisimprovedproductivityatthecompany.
C.Whenthetotalhoursworkedbyallemployeesperweekintwocompaniesareequivalent,hourlyproductivitytendstobeequivalentaswell.
D.Companieswhoseemployeesusuallyworkahighnumberofhourstendtohavegreatertotalcoststhandosimilarcompanieswhoseemployeesworkfewerhours.
E.Companieshavefoundthattotaloutputperemployeeisnotnecessarilychangedbyreductionsinthenumberofhoursworkedperemployee.
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