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(2018¡¤¹ãÎ÷ʦ´ó¸½ÊôÍâУ¸ßÈýÄ£Äâ)Every day, people come into contact with thousands of chemicals. These chemicals are said to be harmless to human health. In fact, the chemicals are considered so safe that we wash with them. We put them on our bodies and even our faces. Other chemical products are used throughout our homes.
By the time you walk out of your front door, you have already been exposed to thousands of chemicals.
On its own, each chemical seems harmless. But in combination with other chemicals, they may become deadly. That is the finding of a two-year study by a high-profile(¸ßµ÷µÄ) task force of scientists. The task force was told to investigate the cancer-causing possibility of chemical mixtures.
Linda Gulliver was one of the 174 scientists on the task force. Their job was to study the cancer-causing potential of 85 chemicals. All 85 are said to be common in the environment.
Ms Gulliver explains that chemicals have the potential or ability to form dangerous mixtures. Even simple minerals can become dangerous when mixed with chemicals found in plastics or beauty products.
Working in groups, the scientists explored how different chemical mixtures could lead to cancer. Ms Gulliver's team looked at the ability of different combinations to support the increase of malignant(¶ñÐÔµÄ) human cells.
She says the current way to identify whether chemicals cause cancer is to test them one at a time. This method leads, she adds, to a long list of supposedly ¡°safe¡± chemicals. She and her team say that approach needs to change.
¡°We definitely need certain research?to find out what mixtures of chemicals would be more harmful than others; what groups of chemicals, when together, would produce more harmful effects. And at the moment, that is not known.¡±
An estimated one in five cancers has been linked to chemical exposure. It may turn out that the cancer-causing villain(¶ñ¹÷) is not a single chemical at all.
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B£®It may not cause danger to us. D£®It may let our body make a change.
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2£®What can we learn about Ms Gulliver's research? A£®She has found 85 cancer-causing chemicals. B£®She has found reasons for five kinds of cancers. C£®She has found that only one chemical can cause cancer. D£®She is not sure what mixtures of chemicals are more harmful.
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3£®According to the text, we can infer that the study ________. A£®is just wasting time and money C£®will cause panic in public
B£®is still in need of great efforts D£®will be resisted by the public
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4£®What is the best title for the text?
A£®Mixtures of Safe Chemicals May Cause Cancer B£®Being Exposed to One Chemical Is Dangerous C£®How Mixtures of Safe Chemicals Come into Being£¿ D£®What Is the Real Cause for Cancer?
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(×´ÔªÇÅÔ´´)Many birds may be small, but they're great natural athletes. Every year, birds literally cross mountains, deserts and seas to reach their favorite breeding(·±Ö³) and feeding grounds. Arctic terns¡ªeach weighing about a fifth of a pound¡ªmigrate halfway around the world, flying to Greenland in spring and the South Pole in winter. Birds rarely go ¡°as the crow flies¡±¡ªin a direct line from Point A to Point B£® So, how do they choose their routes?
Answering this question sheds light on what's likely a driving force in birds' evolution. Migration can be risky business, which means those migratory routes that have survived to this day likely have major benefits for those that take them, even if they might seem circuitous(ÓØ»ØµÄ) at first glance. Bird biologists have already figured out a few factors that make certain, longer routes better for birds, including avoiding the open ocean, and having safe rest stops along the way. Now, a new study offers evidence that birds consider annual wind patterns too. Together, these factors make certain paths appealing to birds of many kinds, creating the world's great migratory flyways.
To check the effect of wind on migratory routes, biologists created a mathematical model of more than a million potential migration routes, all around the world. They added 21 years' worth
of worldwide wind data into the model. They then compared how long it would take a bird to fly between pairs of points around the world if the bird took the shortest route, versus the wind-optimized (·çÏò×î¼ÑµÄ) route. Wind optimization could reduce the time it takes to migrate between places, the researchers found.
It's important to remember that a bird doesn't actually plan its migration. It may follow what it learned from its parents. A bird can't be able to predict what winds will blow over its route.
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5£®Why does the writer mention ¡°Arctic terns¡± in the first paragraph? A£®Because they are rare birds that fly in a direct way.
B£®Because they are the most intelligent birds that know where to migrate.
C£®Because they are just examples of many birds that migrate with the season changes. D£®Because they are the heaviest birds that can migrate long in the world.
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6£®How might the birds migrate all the way? A£®Swiftly. C£®Gracefully.
B£®Visually. D£®Indirectly.
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7£®What factors might birds take into account when they are choosing their migration routes according to bird biologists?
A£®Migration company. C£®Breeding grounds.
B£®Wind pattern. D£®Challenging routes.
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8£®What is the best possible title for this passage? A£®The function of mathematical model B£®Bird migration routes
C£®The effect of wind on bird migration D£®Natural athletes in the world
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