Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.
12th Edition: 6, 11, 14, 15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77, 81, 83, 88, D36, D39, D46
五、代词
代词是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到代词的时候都应检查指代是否清晰。 （一）先行词必须存在
注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格在用，这样的名词不能作为先行词；名词作为先行词 的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。 N of n结构，有时可以
EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it. It无指代对象，因为park在此处是形容词。 避免歧义就只能重复名词park
Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.
Them 不能指代所有格的executives'
Better: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives- in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.
Best: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded 重复先行词是最好的选择。
（二）先行词和代词同时有意义
将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义，说的通
EG: Although the term“super” may sound wonderful, it is simply an machine that can produce many products at one. 此处,it指代就有问题，因为super怎么能是机器呢？
（三）代词的指代必须清晰
每一个代词都只能有一个清晰的先行词，如有多个的话，指代是模糊的。句子应该被重写
Wrong : Researchers claim to have developed new \cellulose fibers, which
THEY allege give THEM the strength of cast iron.
定语从句中不能再出现被指带对象
Right: Researchers claim to have developed new \tiny cellulose fibers, which allegedly give THESE MATERIALS the strength of cast iron.
（四）代词和先行词的 单复数必须一致
GMAT 很可能会 掩盖 名词的单复数， 需要你去识别 其真正的 单复数 （五）格
1.代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who 2.代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom
3.所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their, theirs, whose
重要：
1. 代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。特别是在平行结构中 EG:
Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing
heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it. 这样的指代不会有歧义
2. 一般所有格代词只能指代所有格名词，不能指代主格和宾格。 EG:
Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.
3. which，that 只能指代物，只有who, whom 才能指代人. Whose 既可以指认，也可以指物
（六）几个要点
1.this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做 代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。(this, those, that and these are never used as a stand-alone pronoun without a noun following)
EG：New” nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,
2.that或those可以表明一个新的copy关于先行词的,避免重复；就相当于新添加了个描述项对于指代对象；
EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.
3.It ， they 是完全指代，必须跟前面的是同一个东西
The money spent by her parents is more than IT was expected to be.
4.that或those 表明新copy 的时候一定前后完全一致（包括单复数），否则需要重复先行词。 EG：Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 错，those与company不一致，应 将those替换为companies.
outperform [,autp?'f?:m] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmlvt. 胜过；做得比……好 类比OG 的 civilization那道题
EG: The players' helmets need to be repainted before (they) are used in Sunday's game.
CORRECT
helmet ['helmit] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmln. 钢盔，头盔
Helmets is the antecedent of they. You need not worry that they could refer to players',
because (1)helmets is closer to they, and (2) player! is a possessive noun, and is therefore not a good antecedent for a pronoun in the subjective case.
We finally chose the coffee table towards the back of the store, because we thought that this table
would complement our living room furniture.
这里如果用it指代table 是有歧义的，因为store的存在 ；所以尽量重复被指代名词
错误：A few Shakespearean scholars maintain that they borrowed some of his most memorable lines from Christopher Marlowe.
应该重复前面的名词Shakespeare
正确：A few Shakespearean scholars maintain that they borrowed some of Shakespeare most memorable lines from Christopher Marlowe.
memorable ['mem?r?bl] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmladj. 显著的，难忘的；值得纪念的
She took her laptop and her books with her on the airplane because she thought she could use these to get some work done.
用 she 当主语，是对的，不是必须出现他的先行词 ； these 必须改成them ，these 不能裸奔 ；them 指代her laptop and her books
12th Edition: 1, 7, 23, 47, 91, D42 Verbal Review: 12, 15, 19, 29, 41, 44, 49, 53, 65, 67 OR 2nd Edition: 16, 19,21,29,40,43,48,51,62,64
六、修饰语
（一）形容词和副词
1．形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。 系动词后面跟形容词，不是修饰动词的，而是识别主语的一个状态 2. GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构：
形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词
副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词
EG: James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor. supposed修饰ancestor，表明James可能是，也可能 不是MAX的ancestor.
Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此处supposedly一定要用副词形式，因为M 的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已，因此副词再次修饰形容词 了。
常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.
（二）名词修饰语：形容词、介词短语，过去分词，不加逗号的现在分词，从句，同位语 前置修饰是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰 EG: Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap. 1.名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。 EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错 To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对 wood [wud] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmln. 木材；木制品；树林
2.每一个名词修饰必须对应一个修饰对象，不能缺乏修饰对象
?
Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.
Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion. n. 骚动；暴乱
3.避免一系列的修饰语 修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好
最常见的模式就是：修饰语，修饰语， 主谓宾必错 而一种常见容易弄错的情形是：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾，这种是对的 另外一种：修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语，这种也对，但少见 注意：动词修饰语不像名词修饰语，不需要贴近其修饰的主语。
EG: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians,
另外，要注意所有格形式，这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,特别注意抽象名词 EG:
Wrong : Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented
millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.此句中，后句不是句子而是一个修饰结构，由于 靠近development，通常会被我们误认为是修饰development.
Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago has developed into a true art form only in the past century. （三）名词修饰与从句
Which（修饰物），that（不能修饰人）， who /whom(修饰人)、whose, where, when, Who: 一 般修饰主语； whom: 一般修饰宾语
That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的
Where: 只能修饰具体的地点，对于一些虚拟的，如condition, situation, case, circumstance, arrangement，用in which修饰更好。
When: 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，如time, period, age, 1987, decade, 也可以用in which代替； in which更好
限制性名词修饰；无逗号隔开的，用that：有必要的名词修饰语 ：需要这个修饰才能识别作者的意图的修饰语
非限制性名词修饰：有逗号隔开的，用which：没必要的名词修饰语：不用这个 修饰也能 看出作者的意图
在有the +n 的情况下，句子一般是不完整的，需要用限定性定语修饰
用that 而不用which 只是因为 which （在没有介词的情况下）必须引导非限定性定从，这样就改变了 作者的逻辑，使得 含义不完整；
Non-essential非限定性 : This mansion，WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED， is
owned by the tees;
Essential限定性 : The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees
Non-essential: This mansion，FOR WHICH I YEARN， is owned by the Lees.
YEARN 渴望，向往
Essential: The mansion FOR WHICH I YEARN is owned by the lees.
The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest that is on the border between Nepa J. and Tiber.. That应该改为which引导非限定定从；因为有Mount Everest 已经明确了是哪座山
只要记住，逗号的使用是对于那些没有必要的修饰语； （四）动词修饰：副词，介词短语，从属结构
从属结构，通过because, although, if, while, so that修饰，有两个重要考点： 1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子
2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。 （五）which 和现在分词
1.Which 只能修饰在他之前的名词，which不能修饰一个句子 N ,同位语，which 没有歧义 修饰n 2.ing 形式做修饰语