Scientific mapping of the land came into its own with the achievements of the Cassini family - fatBJWJYS1026

her, son, grandson and great-grandson. In the late 17th century, the Italian-born founder, Jean-Dominique, invented a complex method of determining longitude

based on observations of Jupiter's moons. Using this technique, surveyors were able to produce an accurate map of France. The family continued to map the French countryside and his great-grandson finally published their famous Cassini map in 1793 during the French Revolution. While it may have lacked the artistic appeal of earlier maps, it was the model of a social and geographic map showing roads, rivers, canals, towns, abbeys, vineyards, lakes and even windmills. With this achievement, France became the first country to be completely mapped by scientific methods. Mapmaking has come a long way since those days. Today's surveyors rarely go into the field without being linked to navigation satellites. Their hand-held receivers are the most familiar of the new mapping technologies, and the satellite system,

developed and still operated by the US Defense Department, is increasingly used by surveyors. Even ordinary hikers, sailors and explorers can tap into it for data telling them where they are. Simplified civilian versions of the receivers are available for a few hundred dollars and they are also the heart of electronic map displays available in some cars. Cartography is pressing on to cosmic frontiers, but its objective is, and always has been, to communicate a sense of 'here' in relation to 'there', however far away 'there' may be.

Questions 1-5

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

1 According to the first paragraph, mapmakers in the 21st century

A B C D

combine techniques to chart unknown territory. still rely on being able to see what they map. are now able to visit the darkest jungle. need input from experts in other fields.

2 The Library of Congress offers an opportunity to

A B C D

borrow from their collection of Dutch maps. learn how to restore ancient and fragile maps. enjoy the atmosphere of the reading room. create individual computer maps to order.

3 Ptolemy alerted his contemporaries to the importance of

A measuring the circumference of the world. B organising maps to reflect accurate ratios of distance. C working out the distance between parallels of latitude. D accuracy and precision in mapping.

4 The invention of the printing press

A revitalised interest in scientific knowledge. B enabled maps to be produced more cheaply. C changed the approach to mapmaking.

D ensured that the work of Ptolemy was continued.

5 The writer concludes by stating that

A mapmaking has become too specialised. B cartographers work in very harsh conditions.

C the fundamental aims of mapmaking remain unchanged. D the possibilities of satellite mapping are infinite.

Questions 6-8

Look at the following list of achievements (Questions 6-8) and the list of mapmakers below. Match each achievement with the correct mapmaker. A, B. C or D. Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.

6 came very close to accurately measuring the distance round the Earth 7 produced maps showing man-made landmarks 8 laid the foundation for our modern time zones

List of Mapmakers A B C D

Mercator Ptolemy

Cassini family Eratosthenes

Questions 9 - 13

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

Ancient maps allow us to see how we have come to make sense of the world. They also

reflect the attitudes and knowledge of the day. The first great step in mapmaking took place in 9 .................. in the 3 century BC. Work continued in this tradition until the 2 century AD but was then abandoned for over a thousand years, during which time maps were the responsibility of 10 ................... rather than scientists. Fortunately, however, the writings of 11 ................. had been kept, and interest in scientific mapmaking was revived as scholars sought to produce maps, inspired by the accounts of travellers.

These days, 12 ................... are vital to the creation of maps and radar has allowed

cartographers to map areas beyond our immediate world. In addition, this high-tech equipment is not only used to map faraway places, but cheaper versions have also been developed for use in 13 .......................

rd

nd

倚窗远眺，目光目光尽处必有一座山，那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影，是春天的颜色。周遭流岚升腾，没露出那真实的面孔。面对那流转的薄雾，我会幻想，那里有一个世外桃源。在天阶夜色凉如水的夏夜，我会静静地，静静地，等待一场流星雨的来临…

This is the end of the test.

许下一个愿望，不乞求去实现，至少，曾经，有那么一刻，我那还未枯萎的，青春的，诗意的心，在我最美的年华里，同星空做了一次灵魂的交流…

秋日里，阳光并不刺眼，天空是一碧如洗的蓝，点缀着飘逸的流云。偶尔，一片飞舞的落叶，会飘到我的窗前。斑驳的印迹里，携刻着深秋的颜色。在一个落雪的晨，这纷纷扬扬的雪，飘落着一如千年前的洁白。窗外，是未被污染的银白色世界。我会去迎接，这人间的圣洁。在这流转的岁月里，有着流转的四季，还有一颗流转的心，亘古不变的心。