Sth. tends to focus on

some aspect of A that is viewed as B

某物往往会聚焦在被认为是B的A上的某些方面 .

Scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of

prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. 科学研究往往回聚焦那些被视为不完整或不准确的 当下盛行的知识的某些方面

Little reward accompanies A of B.

B的A会获得很少的回报

Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.

对那些已知和公认的事物的复制和证实会获得很少的回报

Sth. that appear to be …will always be open to challenge

and potential modification or refutation by sb.

那些显得…的事物将用会受到某人的质疑、 可能性的修改或者是反驳

Newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing

will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.

新发布的、看起来重要且令人信服的科学发现声明及已经可信的科学发现 将永远受到今后的研究者的质疑、可能性的修改或者是反驳

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Doing sth. may not change others’ views.

做某事或许不会改变别人的想法

Thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.

思考那些别人没有思考过的事物，告诉他们那些遗漏的事物， 并不能改变他人的观点

Sometimes years are required

for sth. to be accepted and appreciated.

有些时候，需要几年的时间使某物被人们接受并认可

Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

有些时候，那些真正新颖的发现声明，需要几年的时间， 才能被人们接受并认可

A be characterized by B.

A 是以B为特点的

The process of discovery is characterized by its uncertainty and complexity. 科学发现的过程以不确定性和复杂性为特征

Sb./sth. becomes+形容词+after it has been+动词+by sb./sth.

在被被某人/物如何之后，某人/物变得如何

A discovery claim becomes credible after it has been examined by the scientific community.

在经过科学界的检查后，一项发现声明才变得可信

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A calls for B.

A需要B

Scientific work calls for a critical mind. 科学研究需要批判性思维

Sb. can do sth.

without suffering much in the way of consequences.

某人可以不承担后果地做某事

They can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. 他们可以任意的停止一些工作，而不用承担做这件事的后果

A has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in B.

A受到了强烈的反对，也许在B领域最为明显

Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, 改革受到了强烈的阻挠，也许最为明显的是在教育领域

Even though there is plenty of evidence that A is the most important variable in B，sb. have fought against doing sth.

尽管有大量的证据证明A是B中最重要的变量（因素）， 某人依旧反对去做某事

Even though there is plenty of evidence that

the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,

teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. 尽管有大量的证据证明教师的质量是最重要的变量，

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教师联盟依旧反对对教师进行优胜劣汰

Sht. has/have attracted much criticism.

某物引起了很多批评

Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism. 银行家们丰厚的收入引发了很多批评

Sb. has long been fighting against sth.

某人一直在和某物做斗争

Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions. (英国的)工党一直在和工会联盟做斗争

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate sth,

we must also tread with caution.

尽管有如此多的理由去赞美某物， 我们依旧应该谨慎前行

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.

尽管有如此多的理由去赞美电脑，我们依旧应该谨慎前行

The majority of people

who use sth. are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

使用某物的大多数人

都没有意识到他们所在做的事情的意义

The majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

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