不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别

(1）不定式作定语

1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。 The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。 2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。 I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。 There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。

4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如： ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动 ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求 campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望 courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因 decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光

determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力， tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿

5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。

6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。 John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。 7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要 求接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do

= decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do

His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。 Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。

(2)分词作定语

分词作定语时有下面几个特点：

1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。 2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。 Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。

3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：

departed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished,突然不见，逐渐消失 much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系

一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？

练习题

1. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to __________.

A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on

2. I’m not sure which restaurant ___________. A. to eat on

B. eating at

C. to eat at

D. for eating

3. ---“What do you think of this middle school?” ---“It is a very good ___________.” A. school to study C. studying school

B. school to study in

D. school for children to study

4. ---“I’d like to buy an expensive camera.” ---“Well, we have several models ___________.” A. to choose from B. of choice choosing

C. to be chosen

D. for

5. We had no money and no place __________. A. to live on

B. to live

C. living in

D. living

6. He loves parties. He is always the first __________ and the last __________. A. coming, leaving B. to come, to leave C. comes, leaves D. come, leave 7. Before he had no chance __________. A. to go to school school

B. to go school C. going to school

D. to go to the

8. Now the need __________ other people’s language is becoming greater and greater.

A. to learn B. learning C. to be learned D. being learned

9. This is an important matter. I need at least a day or two __________. A. of thinking over it C. of thinking it over

B. to think it over D. to think over it

10. It is time __________ wheat. A. for sow

B. of sowing

C. to sow D. to sowing

11. “Do you have any clothes __________ today?” the maid asked. A. to wash

B. to be washed C. wash

D. be washed

12. This is the best play __________ last year. A. to perform performed

B. to be performed C. performing

D. to have

13. This book can be used in __________ countries. A. English-speaking B. English-spoken English-speak

C. English-spoke

D.

14. At present, English is the main subject ___________ here. A. to be taught

B. being taught C. teaching

D. to be teaching

15. Snow was falling when they went along a mountain path __________ to the front.

A. to lead

B. led

C. leading

D. being led

16. ---“Who are those people with the banner?”旗帜

---“A group __________ itself the League for peace.” A. calling

B. calls

C. called

D. is called

17. “The picture writing” __________ long long ago is hard for us to understand today.

A. having been drawn C. was drawn

B. being drawn D. drawn

18. How I regret the days __________ in doing the useless work! A. which were wasted

B. wasted C. which wasting

D. having wasted

19. The students, ____ at the way the questions were put, didn’t know the answers to them.

A. they surprising B. surprised 20. The pen __________ belongs to me. A. which is on the table C. is on the table

B. lying on the table

C. their being surprised D. surprise

D. which on the table

答案：1-5 BCBA A 6-10 BAABC 11-15 BBABC 16-20 ADBBB

非谓语动词作状语

不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的比较

1、不定式作目的、原因、结果状语

1）作目的状语：有三种形式，可互换：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首) e.g. We eat to live, but we don’t live to eat.

We started early (in order / so as) to avoid being late. 我们一早动身，免得迟到。 （In order ）not to waste electricity, we turned the light off.

Check your composition carefully so as to avoid mistakes. (so as to只能置于主句之后) 【Exercises】

1． —Did the book give the information you needed?

—Yes. But ____ it, I had to read the entire book. 【2008 北京】

A. to find B. find C. to be finding D. finding

2.______this cake, you'll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. 【2006广东卷】 A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making

2）作原因状语：不定式常放在表示情绪反应的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surprised, disappointed… 不定式不放在句首。 e.g. ：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill.

We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.

有一个本地人做向导，我们真是太高兴了。

【Exercises】

1. I feel greatly honored ____ into their society. 【2008北京卷】

A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed 3) 作结果状语： 不定式作结果状语通常表意外的结果。

e.g. I opened the door to find the room empty. 我打开门，结果发现房间是空的。

【attention】：①. 动词不定式前可以加上only, 更加强调‘意外，想不到’。还可加never,

表示‘没有再…’

e.g. He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left. 他匆忙到了车站结果却发现火车已经离开了。

They parted, never to see each other again. 他们分手了，从此没有再见面。

②. 动词不定式作结果状语的其他几种方式： so + adj. / adv. + as to, such + n. + as to,

too…to , enough to等。

e.g. Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? 2. He hurried to the booking office only _________that all the tickets had been sold out. 06陕西卷） A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 注意：不定式做结果状语的固定搭配 ① so …as to …

Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? I’m not such a fool as to believe that.

His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. The boy is old enough to go to school.

2、分词 （现在分词、过去分词）可作时间、条件、让步、方式、原因、结果状语，就不作目的状语。注：表示时间、条件或让步的分词，有时可带上连词（if, unless, when, while, once（一旦） though, although） 1）现在分词作状语：

e.g. ①. (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 【作时间状语】 Hearing the news, they all danced for joy. 听到这个消息，他们都高兴得跳起舞来。 ②．Being a League member, he is always helping others. 作为一个团员，他总是乐于助人。 Being students, we must study hard. 【作原因状语】 ③．He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 【作伴随状语】 She wrote him a friendly letter, thanking him for his help.

他写了一封友好的信给他，感谢他的帮助。

④．Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 【作条件状语】 ⑤．He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces 【作结果状语】 His parents died last year, leaving him an orphan.

他的父母亲去年死了，使他成为了一个孤儿。

⑥．Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 【作让步状语】 Feeling tired, he went on running. 尽管感觉累，他还是继续跑。 2）过去分词作状语：

e.g. ①. Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 【作时间状语】

Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.

从被党接受的那一刻起，他决定要把他的一生致力于党的事业。

②．Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.

Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the

struggle.

受到演讲的激励，年轻人下定决心开始进行斗争。【作原因状语】

③．The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 【作伴随状语】 ④．Given another chance, he will do better. 【作条件状语】 ⑤．Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.

虽然受伤了，但这名勇敢的战士还继续作战。 【作让步状语】

【Summary】：分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果分词与句子的主语是主动关系，用doing表示与谓语动词同时发生或进行的动作，用having done表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作。如果分词与句子的主语是被动关系，则用done强调在谓语动词之前发生的动作，也可用having been done.

【attention】：①. 不定式与现在分词引导结果状语的区别： e.g. 1. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 2. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. 他们搬起石头却砸了自己的脚。 3. I ran to the school, only to be informed that I wasn't admitted by Beijing University. 我跑到学校，却被告知我没有被北大所录取。 4. It rained heavily, causing severe flooding. 雨下得很大，导致了非常严重的涝灾。

5. He cut off the electricity quickly, preventing an accident. 他快速地切断了电，避免了一场事故。

【summary】：不定式做结果状语通常表示的是一个未曾料到的不愉快的结果，前可加

only作为结果状语的现在分词短语所表示的都是谓语动词的直接结果，是意料中的结果。分词短语前有时可加上副词thus或thereby（因而、因此）。

(only) to do → 出乎意料干某事 (thus / thereby) doing → 顺理成章干某事

②.英语中有些形容词化的过去分词（短语），常省略be动词，在句中作状语。常见的有：be lost in, be faced with, be located in, be dressed in, be tired of等等。

e.g. Faced with so many problems, he felt depressed.

Located in the centre of Longhui, NO.1 Middle School of LH is the best school in the town. ③．有时“with（without） + 名词（或代词宾语） + 分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。 e.g. With the lights burning, he fell asleep.

With so much work filling my mind, I almost break down. 【Exercises】

(1) __________in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. 【2005湖南】 A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed (2) _____ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. 【2006全国Ⅰ】

A. Surprising B. Surprised

C. Being surprised D. To be surprising

(3)______with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. 【2006四川卷】

A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face

(4). When_______ help, one often says “ Thank you. ” or “ It ’ s kind of you. ”【2005福建】 A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered

(5). At he end of 2002, there were around 3,000 foreign printing companies in China , __ up around 2

percent of national total.

A. made B. to make C. making D. having made

(6)．European football is played in 80 countries, __it the most popular sports in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make

(7). With a lot of difficult problems ______ , the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled (8). With a lot of difficult problems ______, they decided to take a few days off. A. settling B. to settle C. being settled D. settled

(9). I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ______. 【05北京】

A. going on B. does on C. went on D. to go on (10). With all the things he _______ , he went home at once.

A. needed buy B. needed bought C. needed buying D. need buy

(11). Faced with a bill for ＄ 10,000,________. 【06陕西卷】

A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given john an extra job C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John (12). Having been attacked by terrorists, ________.【2004上海】

A. doctors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists (13). In order to improve English, . 【2001上海】

A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father (13). Pressed from his parents, and _________ that he has wasted too much time, the boy is

determined to stop playing video games. 【12 福建卷】

A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized

(14). ________ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.

A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base 【12 江苏】

(15). With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank ______

presents for my dad. 【全国卷】

A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought

当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词前必须加上自己的主语，此结构被称为独立主格结构。如：

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind.

All the tickets _________(sell out), they went away disappointedly. Time ______(permit) , we'll do another two exercises. There _____ (be) no bus, we had to walk home .

His hands ____ （tie） by the policeman, his face went pale with fear.

1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _______ in a year. A. follows B. followed

C. to follow D. being followed

2. All things _______, I think we ought to give the job to George.

A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. being considered

3. The river _______ in the night, the crossing was impossible. A. to rise B. rose C. having risen

D. being risen

4. More time _______, we should have done the job much better. A. to give B. give

C. being given D. given

5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _______. A. permits

B. permitting C. to permit

D. permitted

6. The monitor _______ ill, we’d better put the meeting off. A. being B. to be C. been D. to have been

7. An important lecture _______ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. A. to be B. being C. been D. to have been

8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _______ under his head. A. to cross

B. crossed

C. crossing

D. to be crossing

9. Tom _______ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. A. having been

B. been C. to be D. to being

10. Other things _______ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. being B. to be C. been D. having been

注意：

有些短语的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致，他们在句子中作独立成分 To tell you the truth/To be frank, I don't like the way he talked. ★必背：用作独立成分的不定式

to tell you the truth / to be frank /to be honest/ to begin/start with/ to be brief 简言之 to make a long story short 长话短说to be exact 精确地说/ to make matters worse/ to say nothing of 姑且不说 to conclude /to be sure 诚然，固然 rankly/strictly/roughly/exactly speaking, generally speaking, judging from..., considering..., talking of..., supposing... providing，seeing that（考虑到）， allowing for(把…考虑到内)， given, provided

非谓语作状语总结

非谓语动词作状语多表示伴随状态，或事情发生的原因，结果，时间，条件等。 注意，作目的状语只能是_不定式，也可用in order to / so as to +动词原形。 解题诀窍：找逻辑主语，辩逻辑关系，析动作先后 主动关系，即主语是非谓语动作的发出者 与谓语几乎同时进行 先于谓语动作发生（已经完成） 后于谓语动作发生（将要去做，特别是表示目的）

(in order (not)/ so as to(not) )to do, S+V .. doing , S+V having +dong , S+V 被动关系，即主语是非谓语动作的承受者 being +done , S+V having been +dong, S + V = ( dong, S+V) (in order (not)/ so as to(not) ) to be done, S+V 巩固练习

1. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ______. A. to be breathed

B. to breathe

C. breathing

D. being breathed

2._______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked

3. ______ in the queen for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car. A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having Waited D. To have waited 4. – Can those ____ at the back of the classroom hear me?

A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat 5. The trees _____ in the storm have been moved off the road.

A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down 6. _____ the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day.

A. Completing B. Complete C. Completed D. To complete 7. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English ______ as much as we can.

A. speak. B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak

8. Lucy’s new job paid twice as much as she had made ______ in the restaurant. A. working

B. work

C. to work

D. worked

9. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention _____ when we talked on the phone. A. to promote B. having been promoted C. having promoted D. to be promoted 10. We finished the run in less than half the time ____.

A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows 11. He was busy writing a story, only ______ once in a while to smoke a cigarette. A. to stop

B. stopping

C. to have stopped D. having stopped

12. _________ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.

A. Having shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown D. To show 13. We had an anxious couple of weeks _____ for the results of the experiment. A. wait B. to be waiting C. waited D. waiting 14. ______that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized 15. It is one of the funniest things ______ on the Internet so far this year. A. finding B. being found C. to find D. found

16. ______ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed. A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen 17. –Did the book give the information you needed? –Yes. But _____ it, I had to read the entire book.

A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding 18. I feel greatly honored ____ into their society.

A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed 19. _____ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. A. To throw B. Thrown C. Throwing D. Being thrown 20. __ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.

A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed 21. My sister, an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the bicycle ___ to balance it.

A. having tried B. trying C. to try D. tried

22. If there is a lot of work ___, I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do

B. to be doing

C. done

D. doing

23. Something as simple as ___ some cold water may clear your mind and relive pressure. A. to drink

B. drinking

C. to be drinking

D. drunk

24. Ideally ___ for Broadway theatre and Fifth Avenue, the New York Park hotel is a favourite with many guests. A. locating

B. being located C. having been located

D. located

25 _____that it was going to snow, the climbers decided to put off their attempt on the highest mountain.

A. Having told B. Having been told C. Tell

D. Telling

26. _____ time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only 3 fingers and a thumb.

A. To save B. Saved C. Saving D. Having saved 27 Hoping he would not be seen, Bob stole in, _____ his schoolbag and rushed out. A. picking up

B. picked up C. to pick up D. having picked up

28_____ the distance was too long and the time was short, we decided not to drive to Florida. A. Discovering

B. To discover C. To have discovered D. Discovered

29 He sent me an e-mail, ______ to get further information. A. hoped

B. hoping

C. to hope

D. hope

30 _____ nice and delicious, the fried chicken was soon sold out.

A. Tasted B. Being tasted C. Tasting D. To taste

31 The purpose of new drugs used on patients is to make them less painful, _____ them more terrible.

A. not make B. not to make C. not making

D. do not make

32 — What do you think of last night’s lecture? — _____ speaking, I thought it was rather boring. A. Real

B. General C. Fair

D. Honestly

33 He was so foolish _________ his car unlocked in the public park last night.

A to leave B that leave C as to leave D for him to leave

34When ______, the museum will be open to the public next year.

A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed 35 The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ______ whether he was going in the right direction. A. seeing

B. having seen

C. to have seen

D. to see

36 The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told

C. telling

D. told

37. The research is so designed that once______ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 38. Generally speaking, ______ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken

39. _______ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. A. Having lost B. lost C. Being lost D. Losing 40. The repairs cost a lot，but it’s money well ＿＿＿.

A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending 巩固练习

1-5 BBCCB 6-10 DCABC 11-15 BBDCD 16-20 AACCD 21-25 BABDB 26-30 ABABC 31-35 BDAAD 36-40 BDBBB

非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别

英语中某些及物动词后除了要求跟有宾语外，还要求跟有宾语补足语（宾补），句子的意思才能完整。现在分词、过去分词和不定式三种非谓语动词都可以充当宾补。但由于它们的形式不同，表示的意义也不同。现比较如下： 一、现在分词作宾补

现在分词作宾补表示动作当时正在进行，尚未结束，强调动作的发生过程或当时一段时间的状态。此时，宾语与宾补之间的关系是主动的主谓关系。下列两类动词之后通常用现在分词作宾补。

1、表“感觉”的动词：see; watch; observe; notice; look at; feel; find; catch; hear; listen to等。例如：

I heard Tom singing an English song in the next room. 我听见汤姆在隔壁正在唱一首英语歌 （汤姆正在发出“唱歌”这个动作。） On the top of the hill, he could see smoke rising from the chimneys．

站在山顶上，他可以看到缕缕炊烟正在从烟囱里冉冉升起。(炊烟正在发出“升起”这个动作。)

He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.

他环顾四周，无意中发现一个人正在偷旅客的钱包。(catch sb doing sth. 意思是“无意发现某人（正）在做什么”。)

He was found smoking in the hall, so he was fined heavily. 有人发现他在大厅里抽烟，结果被重罚。

2、表“使役”的动词：have; keep; get; start; send; leave; set等。例如： His letter left me feeling pretty bad．

他的信使我感到相当难受。（指当时那段时间的状态。） What she said set me thinking．

她说的话让我深思。（指当时那段时间“思考”的状态。） I’m sorry to keep you waiting so long a time.

很抱歉让您久等了。 （指当时那段时间“等待”的状态。）

二、过去分词作宾补

过去分词作宾补，强调动作的完成和结果，此时，宾语与宾补之间的关系是被动的主谓关系。它主要是用在下列三类动词之后。

1、 表示“感觉”的动词，主要有see; watch; observe; notice; look at; feel; find; catch; hear; listen to等。例如：

When they got there，they found the house burnt down．

他们到那儿时，发现房子已全部烧毁。（房子已经被“烧掉”，强调结果。） I heard the song sung yesterday. 昨天我听到有人唱了那首歌。（ 歌被人“唱”。）

2、表示“心理状态”的动词：like; think; expect; want; wish等。例如： The waitress asked the American how he liked his steak cooked. 女服务员问那个美国人愿意怎么烹调牛排。（牛排被“烹调”。） I wish my homework finished before five o’clock..

我希望5点前完成我的作业。(作业被“完成”。)

3、表示“使役”的动词：have; get; leave; keep; make; order 等。 Don’t leave those things undone.. 要把那些事情做完。(事情被“做”。)

The teacher couldn’t make himself paid attention to because there was too much noise outside.

老师无法让（学生）集中注意力，因为外面太吵了。（指老师本人不能被学生“注意”。） 注意：

使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种意义，具体指那种意义，要根据上下语境来确定。

过去分词所表示的动作由主语让他人完成的。例如： 1) I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.

明天我要理发。（虽然头发被理，但这里指主语“我”让理发师理发。） 2) 过去分词所表示的动作是指主语所经历的一件不好的事情。例如： He had his leg broken when he was playing football yesterday. 他昨天打足球的时候，腿被摔断了。（虽然腿被摔断，但这里指主语的不好的一次经历，与第一点意思显然不一样。）） 三、动词不定式作宾补

在英语中有些动词要求接动词不定式作宾补。它表示该动作发生在谓语动词之后，属将要发生的动作。应注意如下几个方面：

1、 带to的不定式作宾补。有这种用法的动词常见的有：ask; tell; get; wish; like; want; expect; prefer; enable; teach; know; understand; would like; cause; force; know; intend; permit; request; order; invite; encourage; warn; remind; oblige; forbid; challenge; drive等。例如： Wei Fang asked me to go shopping with her. 魏芳叫我跟她一起去逛商场。（“逛商场”这个动作发生在“叫”之后。） Our teacher encouraged us to study harder. 老师鼓励我们努力学习。（“努力学习”发生在“鼓励：之后。） 注意：

1）当表示“见解、看法”的动词后带不定式作宾补时，其宾补形式通常是to be或to have done。这类词通常有：believe; consider; declare; discover; guess; declare; find; imagine; judge; feel (认为); suppose; think; understand等。例如： I consider him to have done wrong. 我认为他做错了。

Later, he discovered the story to be true. 后来，他发现那个故事是真实。

2）表示“好恶”的动词后带不定式作宾补时，不能用于被动。这类动词主要动词有：like; dislike; prefer; hate; love; want等。例如： I hate people to tell lies. 我厌恶人说谎。

Do you prefer me to do the work by myself? 你更愿意我独自做这个工作。

3）某些短语动词后可带不定式作宾补。这类动词主要有arrange for; ask for; call on; count on; depend on; long for; rely on; wait for等。例如： You can not count on Tom to help you.

别指望汤姆能够帮你。 I am waiting for you to reply. 我在等你的答复。

2、 省to的不定式作宾补。这类动词有feel; hear; listen to; have; let; make; see; look at; notice; observe; watch。这类动词后的宾补表示该动作已经结束或未来要发生的动作。应注意：在主动语态中省to，在被动语态中要to, 其中have没有被动式。例如：

We saw them play football yesterday.

昨天我们看了它们打了足球。（表示看了“打足球”整个过程。在主动语态中省to。）

He was made to stand outside for two hours.

他被要求在外面占了两个小时。（在被动语态中要加to。）

非谓语动词练习

1. Helen had to shout ________ above the sound of the music. A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard

2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.

A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 3. The man insisted ________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding 4. The old man, _____ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked 5. You were silly not ________ your car.

A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked

6. Don’t leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.

A. run B. running C. being run D. to run 7. When flint ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 8. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ________ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked 9. My advisor encouraged ________ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take 10. ________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.

A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited

11. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.

A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known 12. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to ________ before the party. A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change

13. ______ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to stay another two days off the farm.

A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted 14. I don’t know whether you happen ________ , but I’m going to study in the U. S. this September.

A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard

15. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ________ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

16. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ________ the exam. A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing 17. ______ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn’t seem big at all. A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared 18. ________ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed

19. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ________ it—you’ve got some big bills coming.

A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget 20. According to a recent U.S.survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week_____ TV. A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch

21. The flu is believed ________ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.

A. cause B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 22. The flowers___ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 23. The disc, digitally_____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded 24. Having been attacked by terrorists, ________ .

A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed

C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists 25. Robert is said ________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying

26. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year. A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out 27. I’ve worked with child before, so I know what ________ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expect 28. __ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered

29. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ________ whether they will enjoy it.

A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen

30. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun

31. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________.

A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it

32. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ________ in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked 33. I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________ ? A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought 34. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ________ as the plane was making a landing.

A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating 35. Victor apologized for ________ to inform me of the change in the plan. A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able Answers

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【答案及解析】

1. D. 因为Hellen要使自己讲的话被别人听到，所以要用过去分词作宾补，即：make herself heard；又因为make herself heard是shout的目的，所以用不定式。 2. C. form表示“出现、产生”，是不及物动词，又因为pictures与form是主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。

3. C. 因为insist后要么接that从句，要么接on sth. 或on doing sth. ，没有别的接法，所以选C。insist on doing坚持要做某事。

4. D. 因work abroad for twenty years发生在谓语动作(返回祖国)之前，所以用现在分词的完成式。

5. B. 因为现在分词作状语只能修饰谓语，而不定式作状语，既可修饰谓语又可修修饰形容词或副词，此处修饰形容词silly，要用不定式。又因为“没有锁车”发生在谓语之前，所以用完成式。

6. B. 因句中的the water与run是主动关系，故选B。leave sth doing sth 意为“使某物一直在做某事”。

7. B. 因为flint与introduce(引入)是被动关系，所以用过去分词。 8. A. looking out of the window 为伴随状语。

9. D. 因为在encourage, persuade, tell, ask, want, order, force等后要用不定式作宾补。encourage sb. to do sth. 意为“鼓励某人做某事”。

10. C. 因“等了半个小时”发生在realized之前，故用现在分词的完成式。 11. B. 因为the…company与know是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语作定语，known as 3M = which was known as 3M。

12. A. get changed 意为“换衣服”。比较：get paid(获得报酬)，get dressed(穿衣服)等。

13. B. 因为句子主语the girl与attract是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语作状语，表示原因。

14. D. 因为happen后接动词不定式是表示“碰巧做某事”；又hear发生在谓语

don’t know之前，所以要用不定式的完成式。句意是：我不知道你是否已经听说过了，今年九月我要去美国学习。

15. B. 因为only是提醒我们要用不定式表示结果的一个重要标志词；不定式表示结果，不定式的动作发生在谓语之后；又因为the news reporters与tell是被动关系，所以要用不定式的被动式。

16. D. 因为have a hard time doing sth. 与have difficulty doing sth. 相当，意为“在做某事方面有困难”。

17. D. 因为the biggest ocean与compare是被动关系，所以要用过去分词。When compared with…=When the biggest ocean is compared with…=When we compare the biggest ocean with…

18. C. 首先，非谓语动词的否定式要将not, never等放在非谓语动词的前面，所以不能选D。其次，由于“没有完成”与“决定再呆两周”有先后关系，故用现在分词的完成式。

19. A. 因为口语中you had better常被说成you’d better，甚至说成better，本句就属这种情况，其后要接不带to的不定式，即：动词原形。 20. C. 此题考查spend...(in) doing sth 句型。

21. C. 因为be believed /thought /supposed /said /reported等后要接动词不定式，排除A和B；又因为the flu与cause是被动关系，所以要用不定式的被动式。The flu is believed to be caused by...=It is believed /People believe that the flu is caused by... 22. B. 一是因为“发出香味”与“吸引游客”是同时发生的，且smell 作为连系动词没有被动形式，所以答案选B。

23. A. 因为the disc(唱片)与record(录制)是被动关系，这又是已经发生了的事，所以要用过去分词短语作定语。

24. B. 非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。根据句意，受到攻击的应是“高楼”，而不是其他，故选B。

25. A。此题考查不定式的完成时。“据说他曾到国外留过学”，由studied可知“留

学”这个动作已结束并发生在谓语动作is said之前，所以要用完成式。 26. A。此句考查过去分词作宾语补足语。句子结构较复杂,句中的that引导一个定语从句，它替代先行词the plan在从句中作see的宾语，the plan与carry out是被动关系，因此，用过去分词作宾补。即see the plan carried out the next year. 27. B。此题考查疑问词+不定式在句中作宾语。I know what to expect in my new job. 意为“我知道在新工作中期待什么”。

28. A。本句考查现在分词的完成时作状语。句意为“遭受如此严重的污染之后，现在净化这条河也许为时已晚了”。有already暗示可知suffer发生在clean up之前，因此要用现在分词的完成式作状语。

29. B。remain 作“尚待”解，要接不定式作表语，it是形式主语，指代whether they will enjoy it。see与it之间是动宾关系，因此用不定式的被动式。it remains to be seen是习惯用语，意为“还要看情况发展”。

30. D。“连词+分词”作状语时，其逻辑主语为句子的主语。句子主语与分词的之间是主动关系时用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。the research与begin是被动关系，因此用过去分词begun。

31. C。此题的考查目标与NMET2000同。what to do with为常用搭配结构，意为“处置，利用”。句意为“据说澳大利亚有太多陆地，政府不知如何利用”。 32. B。find后面可以接由“宾语+ 现在分词/过去分词/ 不带to的不定式”构成的复合宾语结构。现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动，不定式表示动作已经发生。根据句意“如果厨师被发现在厨房吸烟，立即就会被解雇”可知cook与smoke之间是主动关系，应用现在分词。find sb. doing sth意为“发现某人正在做某事”。 33. B。考查不定式作定语。不定式作后置定语，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。句意为“今下午我要去超级市场，你有东西要买吗？”

34. C。考查过去分词作表语。句意为“飞机登陆时，飞行员要求所有飞机上的乘客坐着不动”。remain是系动词，seated作表语，表示状态。

35. C。考查动名词的复合结构作宾语。动名词的复合结构的否定式由“名词所有

格或物主代词+not+动名词”构成。句意为“Victor因没能通知我计划的改变向我道歉”。

36. D。由有句中的and可知第一空所填的动词与took是并列谓语，故用seized; 第二空是现在分词短语作伴随状语。句意为“突然，一个赶着黄色马车的高个男人，抓住那个姑娘并把她带走了，消失在森林里”。