A. Choose one of the topics below and write one paragraph about it. Use transition signals in appropriate places

Step 1 Write a brief outline with a topic sentence, supporting points, and a concluding sentence

Step 2 Decide where transition signals would be appropriate to connect your supporting points and conclusion, and write them in the margin at the left of your outline.

Step 3 Write your paragraph. Circle your transition words. Step 4 Check your paragraph.

Topic Suggestions

Space exploration/ A current fad or fashion/Movies/The drug-abuse problem/Test-tube babies

B. Choose one of the topic sentences below and write a paragraph that develops

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it. Use transition signals to connect the supporting sentences smoothly. You may use the transition signals suggested for each topic, or you may use others not listed. Make a quick outline before you begin.

1. Foreign travel is very educational.

The first reason/Another reason/In addition/Consequently 2. Last week, I witnessed a terrible accident. First/After that/Next/Finally

3. Being an identical twin can be a lot of fun.

For example/Furthermore/As a result/In conclusion 4. Some people enjoy solitude.

As an example/Moreover/On the other hand/Therefore

Outlining Time---------3 minutes Writing Time---------10 minutes Checking Time--------2 minutes Total---15 minutes

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Writing Task IV 段落表达的连贯性

要保持段落表达的连贯性，除了使用关联词，还可以采用下面的两种方法：时间顺序和依重要性排列。

时间顺序： 按照时间顺序来组织一个段落或篇章，需要注意以下两点：第一，依事件的发生或步骤来叙述； 第二， 用时间过渡词来标明这一顺序。分析下面的两个例段，找出标明时间顺序的词。

Model 1 Chronological Order

The Evolution of Computers

In the relatively short span of twenty-five years, there has been an incredible evolution in the size and capabilities of computers. Today, computers smaller than the tip of your fingernail have the same capabilities as the room-sized machines of twenty-five years ago. The first computers were developed around 1945. They were so large that they require special air-conditioned rooms. About twenty years later, in the 1960s, desk-sized computers were developed. This represented a gigantic advance. Before the end of that same decade, however, a third generation of computers, which used simple integrated circuits and which were even smaller and faster, had appeared. In 1971, the first microprocessor, less than one square centimeter in size, was developed. Today, electronic engineers predict that even smaller and more sophisticated computers will be on the market before then end of this decade.

A Neutralization Experiment

To perform a neutralization experiment, proceed in the following manner. First, measure out about 2 cc of laboratory NaOH solution. Second, pour the solution into a small casserole. Next, add portions of HC1 solution, stirring after each addition until the solution is acid when tested with litmus paper. Then, place the casserole containing the solution on a wire gauze over a Bunsen burner and heat it until the solution begins to boil. When it does, reduce the size of the flame immediately and allow the solution to boil gently. As it approaches dryness, sputtering may occur. At this point, cover the casserole loosely with a watch-glass. Then, hold the casserole above the flame and move it back and forth until no further water vapor is expelled. Finally, allow the dish and residue to cool.

Practice 12: 时间过渡词 Sentence Connectors

Clause Connectors Coordinators subordinators

Others

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first(second, third etc.) next, last, finally first of all after that

since then

before after while until as soon as

the first (＋noun) the second before the in the year since the

Add appropriate chronological transition signals to the following essay and punctuate them. Consult the list in the preceding table or use others with which you are familiar.

How to Reduce the Danger of Smoking

The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) has outlined some steps to take some of the danger out of smoking for those people who are unable to quit smoking outright. _________ choose a cigarette with less tar and nicotine to reduce your intake of these pollutants. _________ don’t smoke your cigarette all the way down. Smoke halfway, and you will inhale only about 40 percent of the total tar and nicotine. Remember, 60 percent of these substances is contained in the last half of the cigarette. ________ take fewer draws on each cigarette---that is, reduce the number of puffs on each cigarette. This will cut down on your smoking. _______ reduce your inhaling. Don’t open your lungs by inhaling deeply. Take short, shallow puffs _______ smoke fewer cigarettes each day. This may be the most difficult step of all. However, just follow these directions.

1. Pick a time of day to start, and don’t smoke before that time. 2. Don’t think of it as cutting down; think of it as postponing.

3. Carry your cigarette in a different pocket, or put them in a different place so that you can’t reach for them automatically.

_______ think about the terrible diseases you are opening yourself up to each time you smoke a cigarette. ________ if you follow each of these steps without cheating, you should be able to at least control the number of cigarettes you smoke daily. who knows, this might be the beginning of the end—of your smoking, that is.

在以时间顺序发展的段落中，主题句往往会用the development of, the growth of, the evolution of表明时间的顺序, 在描述过程发展的段落中，这一过程经常会在

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