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Paraphrase each of the following selections. Follow the steps outlined above.

Paragraph 1

However great the powers of the President of the United States, they are restricted by the “checks and balances” represented in the Congress, in the supreme Court of the United States, and in the force of public opinion. However, of all the elective officers of our government, only the president and the Vice President are chosen by all the voters of the United States.

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Paragraph 2

The Smithsonian Institution is an independent establishment dedicated to the increase and diffusion of knowledge. It is a great complex of museums and art galleries, scholars, and experts in many fields. It is devoted to public education, basic research, and national service in the arts, sciences and history, with major facilities in Washington, around the country, and overseas.

Paragraph 3

“Vitamin c in large doses” not only protect against the common cold, but also offers considerable protection against other infectious diseases, both viral and bacterial. I believe that Vitamin C in adequate amounts could considerably decrease the incidence and severity of the flu.

********Summary 的写作类似于paraphrase, 只不过Summary在篇幅上要短。因为Summary中往往压缩了原文中大量的内容。写Summary的步骤几乎与做paraphrase时一样，但要注意细节的内容必须省略。如Model 1的概要：

The Brazilian people become so emotionally involved with the national soccer team that in 1950, when their team lost the World Cup to Uruguay, the entire country was saddened, and some people even died. The mere possibility of defeat causes genuine physical suffering.

Model 2: A summary

Original For generations, Americans have researched their pasts to discover who their ancestors were. In recent years , many people have developed an avid interest in their genealogy and the cultural heritage of their ancestors. This interest was sparked for two reasons. First, Americans celebrated the bicentennial of the United States in 1976 and paid tribute to this country’s history. Second, and more recently, the book Roots, which traces the family history of an American black man named Alex Haley back to Africa, was serialized on national television. As a result of these two events, a new pastime for thousands of Americans was created.

Outline A. American research into background 1. Ancestors

2. Cultural heritage B. Reasons for research

1. Bicentennial celebration 2. Roots

Summary Recently many Americans have become interested in their backgrounds in order to identify their ancestors and learn about their cultural heritage. This interest in genealogy began with the U.S. Bicentennial celebration and intensified with the televising of the family history of Alex Haley, a black American.

Practice 22: Writing Summaries I

Write a summary of each of the following paragraphs.

Paragraph 1

Convenience goods may be classified as staples, impulse goods, and emergency goods. Staples are bought and used frequently without much consideration being given to their purchase. Many food products and non-prescription drug items are staple goods. Brand identification may have some weight in the buying decision, but usually easy availability will be more important than the brand. Items such as bread, milk, and aspirin are considered staples, and easy availability to consumers is important in their distribution.

Paragraph 2

Impulse goods are items that customers buy on sight without having gone out specifically for their purchase. Their unit price is usually low. The purchase of an impulse good satisfies a need that is strongly felt at the moment. Items that customers will buy on an impulse are frequently placed near store door or at cash registers. Candy bars, chewing gum. cigarettes and magazines are frequently displayed in this way.

Paragraph 3

A good may be either a staple or an impulse item, depending on the purchase of the good’s use and on whether the god was purchased because of an immediately felt need. Candy bars may be considered staple goods if they are purchased for lunch boxes as part of a weekly grocery shopping trip. But a candy bar might be viewed as an impulse item it were purchased and eaten on the spot because a person just happened to see it.

Paragraph 4

Emergency goods are bought only when an urgent need is felt. In this situation price is not too important, because the customer needs the goods at once. Tire chains purchased at a turnpike service station during a, or ambulance service for the victim of a heart attack are examples of emergency goods.

Paragraph 5

Shopping goods are in a totally different category. Shopping goods are compared with competing products for price, quality, style, or service by the customer before purchase. This presents an opportunity for selling by sales personnel. Shopping goods typically have a relatively high unit price and are bought less frequently than convenience goods. Examples of shopping goods include apparel, jewelry, furniture and appliances.

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