A

30. Nathaniel Hawthorne's ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions also appears strongly in his short stories. Choose his short stories from the following.

A. Young Goodman Brown B. The Great Stone Face

C. The Ambitious Guest ABCD D. Ethan Brand E. The Pearl

32. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne_____________ in American literature.

A. the largest brain with the largest heart

34. __________ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville's stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the \cannibals\ Typee

37. In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did__________ . A. Puritanism

\voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England______ Transcendentalism

43. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism? A. Nature

45. _________ is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne' s belief that \wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones\evil though it may take many generations to happen. A. The Marble Faun B. The House of Seven Gables

C. The Blithedale Romance D. Young Goodman Brown

B

Once upon a midnight dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary,

Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,

As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. \— Only this, and nothing more. \

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,

And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had tried to borrow

From my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost.

Edgar Allan Poe The Raven

Describe the mood of this poem: A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem, the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Leno-re, his grief turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird.

Work 3: Nuture

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As the leading New England Transcendentalist, Emerson effected a most articulate synthesis of the Transcendentalist views. One major element of his philosophy if his firm belief in the transcendence of the \through virtually all his writings. \Nature, which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism, %universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. \emphasizes the need for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God. \whole circle of persons and things, of actions and events, of country and religion, as one vast picture which God paints on the eternity for the contemplation of the soul. \regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. In this

connection, Emerson' s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one. Alone in the woods one day, for instance, he experienced a moment of \he records thus in his Nature:

Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.

Now this is a moment of \outside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscience

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of the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits of individuality and beome part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit pervading

everywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. The world proceeds, as he observes, from the same source as the body of man. \

Universal Being\the rest of his life. Emerson' s doctrine of the Oversoul is graphically illustrated in such famous statements; \to all individual men,\individual life. \than Him. This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is divine. The divinity of man became, incidentally, a favorite subject in his lectures and essays.

This naturally led to another, equally significant, Transcendentalist thesis, that the individual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hop to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by the \tried to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Men should and could be self-reliant. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. He should determine his own existence. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. \therefore your own world. \discretion and the world is yours. Thus, as Henry Nash Smith ventures to suggest, \Emerson' s eye was on man as he could be or could become; he was in the main optimistic about human perfectibility. The regeneration of the individual leads to the regeneration of society. Hence his famous remark, \nation. \

buoyant spirit of his time, the hope that man can become the best person he could hope to be. Emerson ' s Transcendentalism, with its emphasis on the democratic

individualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society. His essays such as \(in his The Representative Men) reveal his ambivalence toward aggressiveness and self-seeking.

To Emerson's Transcendentalist eyes, the physical world was vitalistic and evolutionary. Nature was, to him as to his Puritan forebears, emblematic of God. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth. \and \world was one of multiple significance; everything bears a second sense and an ulterior sense. In a word, \first philosophical work Nature rather ihan anything else. The sensual man, Emerson feels, conforms thoughts to things, and man' s power to connect his thought with its proper symbol depends upon the simplicity and purity of his character; \nature is he who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. \

him nature is a wholesome moral influence on man and his character. A natural

implication of Emerson' s view on nature is that the world around is symbolic. A lowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant, the little drudge, with a small body and a mighty heart, is the sublime image of man himself.