1.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. 词汇突破：cognitive 认知的 （后天习得的） Intuitive 先天的
和以上这组单词概念相同的表达还有：
Nature先天；nurture后天； born ;先天的；made 后天的；innate天生的；Acquired后天习得； Determine 决定
Coupled with 相当于and,想类似的表达还有along with ; combined with等。
主干识别：句子的主语是This success和later research ；谓语是led; 宾语是Ericsson; 不定式短语to conclude 做状语；主干结构是：this success and later research led Ericsson to conclude that ? 其他成分：在research后面接一个现在分词短语做后置定语，在这个现在分词短语中that引导的从句做showing 的宾语；在不定式短语中that引导的从句做conclude的宾语；more?than结构翻译为与其说，不如说。 微观解析：由于主语中的第二个并列成分比较长，且是用两个逗号隔开的，在阅读的时候可以跳读；把This success和动词led先连起来然后再来解析其他成分。 译文赏析：这种成功和后来表明记忆本身并不是先天决定的研究使爱立信总结道，记忆的行为与其说是一种先天的行为不如说是一种习得的行为。
2.It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 词汇突破：visualize 想象
Figure out 发现和找出 Suits 使?适合
主干识别：句子主语是由how引导的一个主语从句，it是句子的形式主语；句子主干为: How ?is not obvious.
在主语从句中主语是capacity，谓语是suits 宾语是one ; 其他成分：状语为to answer?主语后加上两个动词不定式做后置定语； 动词不定式中的宾语questions后面接一个that引导的定语从句。 难点揭秘：这个句子是一个由形式主语it引导的主语从句，其中难点为需要识别出主语从句中的动词suits. 译文赏析：构思物体和找出数字模型的能力是如何让一个人去回答那些连最好的诗人和哲学家都回避的问题的，这点我们还不是很清楚。 3．Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip. 【词汇突破】Toil through (辛苦的经历) 名词：Winston Churchill: \”(丘吉尔演讲) sweat and toil （汗水和辛苦） He succeeded after years of toil. (他经历数年的辛劳之后成功了)
SAT 美国高考 全称为scholastic assessment test 学术性评估测试 testify 证实
matter 这里是动词，重要；sth matters 事情很重要；
【主干识别】anyone 为句子的主语，will testify 为句子谓语，that引导一个宾语从句；
【其他成分】that 引导的宾语从句中test-taking skill 为主语，matters 做谓语，whether 引导一个状语从句
【译文赏析】任何一个曾经辛苦的经历过SAT考试的人都会证实考试的技巧也很重要，无论这种技巧是知道什么时候去猜还是知道什么问题应该跳过。
【造句】Anyone who has achieved the success to any extent will testify that cooperation matters, whether it’s individual’s willingness to cooperate or team work spirit of a group.
4. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. 【词汇突破】count on 依靠； fair play 公平竞争
【主干识别】the American middle-class family has been transformed主干是主谓结构被动态；
【其他成分】that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure 定语从句修饰middle-class family ；During the past generation和by economic risk and new realities 做状语；
【微观解析】the American middle-class family 为句子主语，谓语是has been transformed；During the past generation和by economic risk and new realities 为状语；that 引导一个定语从句，that在从句中做主语，谓语为 could count on， 宾语为hard work and fair play；to keep itself financially secure为状语。 【难点揭秘】主语后接了较长的修饰成份使这个句子在阅读时主干不容易把握。造成理解的困难。
【译文赏析】在过去的20多年时间里，那些曾经依靠辛勤工作和公平竞争就可以保证自己财政收支安全的美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济风险和新的现实所改变。（定语从句前置的翻译方法来处理这个句子） 5.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as \or \touch on the brakes\, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.
【词汇突破】steer 指挥，控制 precise 精确的
【主干识别】Much of the language makes it sound like precise science.主+谓+宾+宾补结构 【其他成分】used to describe monetary policy过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the language；such as “steering the economy to a soft landing ”or “ a touch on the brakes”形容词短语；形容词短语做后置定语修饰the language。
【难点揭秘】主语后接了较长的修饰成份使这个句子在阅读时主干不容易把握。造成理解的困难。
【译文赏析】有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如\操纵经济软着陆\或者\轻踩刹车\，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际情况的了。（但这些说法是最不靠谱的，事情远非如此用来表示强烈的反对 这与i cann't agree with you more有异曲同工之妙）
【翻译点拨】第二个句子的翻译中可以使用正话反说的方法来进行翻译，在肯定和否定之间进行转换。可以参考下面的两个例子：
（1）An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself. 机会难得。 （2）Such things are of no rare occurrence. 这些事情经常发生。
【作文】用于批驳对方的时候就可以用：Nothing could be further from the truth
6.On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
【词汇突破】agony 痛苦 despair 绝望 prolong 延长
【主干识别】many acknowledge that +宾语从句 （many 作为代词表示很多人，或者很多个体）
【其他成分】On another level 做状语和in the medical community做定语；the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled by the despair of patients为宾语从句主干；
特别提示：fuel本来意思是燃料，但是这里可以理解为由于，因为，加剧的意思； 为了以后阅读理解更透彻，可以直接把结构 A is fueled by B 理解为： A是结果；B是原因 例句：
China's success is fueled by the age of globlization.
【微观解析】in part宾语从句中的状语，for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.定语从句修饰patients; 定语从句还原为一个独立的句子就是：Modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them. 这个句子中的them 和前面句子中的patients 为相同名词，因此在这里作者将其写成了一个定语从句，但是在翻译的时候是要分译的。 这句话在定语从句的前世和今生： suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients. The modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them.
(两个句子中出现了共有的名词patients 和 them,于是them 被换成了whom ；for whom 一并提前。) 【难点揭秘】同样是隔离结构在阅读的过程中给我们带来不舒服的感觉，in part 放到了 fueled 和 by 之间，in the medical community放到了many和acknowledge之间。
【译文赏析】在另一个层面上，很多医疗界的人士承认，关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论，部分是因为病人的绝望情绪，对病人来说，现代医学已经延长了死亡的生理的痛苦。
【写作】On another level，many in the educational establishment acknowledge that the debate on the ranking of universities has been fueled in part by the despair of graduates for whom the discrimination brought by the ranking of university has put more obstacles on their job hunting way.
7.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom. 【词汇突破】illustrate 例证；
in terms of 根据，以?为依据；
【主干识别】The trend was most obvious and can be illustrated. 主系表结构两个并列的动词 【其他成分】naturally ,in those areas of science , in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom为状语。
【微观解析】based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰状语中的名词science做定语。 【难点揭秘】naturally 和 especially 副词做状语放的位置都不是在开头和结尾，而是放在了中间部分，这样给我们阅读带来一定的困扰，但是难点既亮点，我们在写作的过程中就可以灵活的运用：based especially on这样的表达了。
【译文赏析】很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域中表现的最为明显，并且可以用英国地质学的发展作为例证来说明。
【翻译点拨】把副词放到开头来翻译，正是体现了前面所讲到的副词很多时候就是在修饰整个句子。 8.The report identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of \and forced medical procedures” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end--of--life care.
【词汇突破】 under treatment 治疗不足
aggressive 1.侵略的,侵犯的 2.好斗的,挑衅的 3.有进取精神的;有干劲的 4.大胆的 dishonor 使丢脸,使受耻辱 medical procedures 医疗手段 【主干识别】The report identifies?and?as the twin problems of end--of--life care 主谓宾宾补结构；the under treatment of pain和 the aggressive use of \” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying 为并列的宾语成分。
【微观解析】that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying为定语从句修饰ineffectual and forced medical procedures，定语从句中有两个并列的动词prolong and dishonor做谓语。
【难点揭秘】这个句子的困难之处就在于并列宾语的后半部分加上了一个定语从句进而使identify 和as 之间的距离拉大，产生了阅读障碍。 【译文赏析】报告把对疼痛处理不够和大胆使用可能延长死亡期甚至让病人死的不体面的无效的和强制的医疗手段确定为临终关怀的两个问题。 报告确定了临终关怀的两个问题，一是对疼痛处理不够，二是大胆的使用可能延长死亡期甚至让病
人死的不体面的那些无效和强制的医疗手段。
【翻译点拨】这个句子的翻译主要考察对于词的理解： dishonor the period of dying 直接翻译就是:使死亡的阶段受到耻辱。可以转译为：让病人死的不体面。中文是习惯是以人为主体的。还有就是medical procedures 表示医疗手段而不要翻译成医疗过程。
9. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case. 【词汇突破】inspired 有激发性的 establishment 机构，建立 nonetheless 但是 case 事实,实情
【主干识别】The notion would seem merely silly. 主系表结构
【其他成分】that learning should have in it an element of inspired play 同位语从句修饰notion；主干为that learning should have an element of inspired play，是主谓结构；in it 为状语。to the greater part of the academic establishment状语。
【难点揭秘】这个句子的难点就是在主干中加入了状语和同位语从句使句子结构变得复杂。很多同学会对but 和 nonetheless 连用感到困惑。两个句子之间是需要连词连接的，but是连词，起连接两个句子的作用。
但是两个句子之间的转折关系并不是像but所表达的那样强烈，前后两句之间为“部分肯定”的转折关系，因此使用nonetheless 转折副词，表明转折的意味并不强烈。这里的but也可以换为and。
【译文赏析】大多数的学术机构认为在学习中加入有启发性玩耍的理念是非常愚蠢的，但是这样的事情确实常常发生的。 【翻译点拨】】把状语翻译为中文中的主谓结构，我们也可以翻译为：“对于大多数的学术机构而言”，但是翻译为中文的主谓结构更简洁，that is the case 如果翻译为这就是事实，没有能表达出准确的句意。就正如迈克尔杰克逊的纪念电影this is it 我们翻译为:就是这样。
10. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students\career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.
【词汇突破】argue for 支持 argue against 反对 on the behalf of = on behalf of 代表 career prospects 就业前景 radical 彻底的，根本的，激进的
【主干识别】An invisible border divides those and those. 主谓宾结构 【其他成分】arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects 和arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform 现在分词短语分别修饰两个those 作后置定语。
【微观解析】arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects相当于who argue for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects
【难点揭秘】divide those ?and those?在两个those后面加上了很长的修饰成分造成了结构识别的困难。 【译文赏析】一条无形的界限将支持计算机进课堂的人分为两类：一类人是从学生的职业前景从发思考的，另一类人想的是像教育的彻底改革这样的一些更广泛的理由。
【翻译点拨】在翻译的过程中，我们把arguing for computers in the classroom放到了those 前作汉语中的前置定语再把过长的定语部分单独成句，这样更符合中文的表达习惯。）
11. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. 【词汇突破】the treasury secretary 财政部长（美）
anecdote 轶闻，趣闻
statistics 数据（还有一个我们不熟悉的意思：表格） picture 情况，事态，局面，状况，情形，形势 【主干识别】There is a disjunction.
【其他成分】as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says 插入语；between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics后置定语修饰a disjunction.
【微观解析】between the mass of business anecdote and the picture; 为定语的主体部分；that points to a leap in productivity修饰anecdote；reflected by the statistics修饰statistics。
【难点揭秘】由于插入语的加入，造成了对主干是别的难度，尤其是在between? and?结构的识别中由于加入了定语从句使其难于理解。
【译文赏析】正如财长鲁宾所说，在表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事和数据所反映的情况之间存在着脱节。
【翻译点拨】也可以把比较长的那个部分单独翻译，这样更符合中文的习惯：有大量表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事，但是财长罗伯特.鲁宾认为现实的数据表明的情况并不能支持这些传奇。 前11个句子都属于主谓被隔离的情况。而今天则是并列的结构开始出现了。
12.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. 【词汇突破】estimate 估量，评估
not?but 不是??而是??
【主干识别】Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass but changes.
【其他成分】括号中的内容对biomass进行解释和说明；of species和in particular parts of the ocean做后置定语修饰biomass， in that biomass over time后置定语修饰changes；
【难点揭秘】estimate的宾语为the actual biomass 和changes的并列，并列连词为but , 在阅读的过程中往往 会由于长定语的分割而产生阅读的障碍；
【译文赏析】他们的研究方法并不是想估计出某些特定地区鱼类的实际生物量（活的生物总量），而是估计出这些生物量随着时间发生的变化。
【翻译点拨】多个定语在修饰着changes因此顺序应该做符合中文习惯的调整。
13. One leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. 【词汇突破】authority 权威
harness 使??停止的意思；和stop 可以互换但是更加正式的表达；还有一个单词是curb，这个单词表示控制的意思相当于control，原意是缰绳的意思，这个单词为考研高频词。 conscious 有意识的 intensely powerful mental event在原文中就等于dreams; 【主干识别】one leading authority says that+宾语从句；
【其他成分】宾语从句的主干是these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control; 并列连词not only ?but also?连接两个并列的动词harnessed 和 brought；to help us sleep and feel better 为目的状语 【难点揭秘】动词的并列造成识别上的困难。
【译文赏析】而一名顶级权威认为，这些极其强烈的大脑活动不仅可以被抑制，实际上还可以受到意识的控制，进而帮助我们睡眠，使我们感觉好一些。
14.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for them- selves—goals that pose a real challenge. 【词汇突破】utility 运用 supervision 监管
【主干识别】they will have to operate and be able to make a few decisions. 并列的两个谓语由and 连接；
【其他成分】But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility状语；with less human supervision状语；at least状语；goals that pose a real challenge整个句子的同位语。 【微观解析】同位语goals 被定语从句修饰；
【难点揭秘】动词的并列，状语的隔离；同位语的识别需要关注。
【译文赏析】但是如果机器人能在下一个阶段达到节省人工的运用，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要至少能够自己做出几个决定--这些目标才会带来真的挑战。
【翻译点拨】对于the next stage of laborsaving utility的处理，如果直译就是：如果机器人要达到节省人工的运用的下一个阶段在，这样的表达不仅拗口而且难懂，就是典型的死译，所以把定语转译为状语。 15. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
【词汇突破】glimpse 快速的看一眼； disregard 抛弃，丢弃 irrelevant 不相干 instantaneously 立即 winding 蜿蜒曲折的 suspicious 可疑的
【主干识别】the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent并列的两个动词glimpse和disregard
【其他成分】that is irrelevant 修饰 the 98percent; focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. 现在分词短语作状语，focus 的动作发出者就是句子主语human mind。 【微观解析】the monkey or the single suspicious face 为focus on 的并列宾语 【难点揭秘】动词的并列在主句中出现；而在现在分词短语中出现并列宾语；
【译文赏析】但是人类的大脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃98％的不相关信息，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。
16.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.，
【词汇突破】reveal 揭露 constitutes 包含
primacy 重要性，首要地位
【主干识别】A comparison reveals not?but also ?主谓宾结构 【其他成分】of British geological publications定语修饰comparison, over the last century and a half定语修饰publications，an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research宾语，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper并列宾语 【微观解析】an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research其中on the primacy of research修饰emphasis; research修饰definition ; what 引导一个宾语从句作of 的宾语，what为宾语从句中的主语。
【难点揭秘】出现并列的宾语并且在宾语中的定语又出现一个宾语从句，这样就增加了句子的复杂性，并且在句中出现了好几个动态名词。
【译文赏析】将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。
【翻译点拨】在这个句中有两个动态名词一个是comparison，还有一个为emphasis，其中还有一个动态形容词changing；在翻译的处理上都翻译为动词，并增加概说的主语“我们”。
17. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and
enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands.
【词汇突破】M&A 为mergers and acquisitions 的缩写表示合并和兼并的意思为经济术语。 underlie 构成?的基础；导致?发生。例如：The social problems underlying these crises remain unsolved.（引起这些危机的社会问题尚未解决。） trade and investment barriers 贸易和投资壁垒 globalization process 全球化进程(可以作为写作词汇使用) 【主干识别】I believe that+宾语从句
【其他成分】the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same 为宾语从句主干；that underlie the globalization process为定语从句；“：”后为对forces的解释；
【微观解析】三种力量的并列为falling transportation and communication costs,以及lower trade and investment barriers 和 enlarged markets后面接一个定语从句 that require enlarged operations和后置定语形容词短语：capable of meeting customers demands
【难点揭秘】并列的三种力量，由于修饰语比较长和并列连词较多使其解析较难；
【译文赏析】我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力和促进全球化进程的力量是一样的：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及为能满足消费者需求而大幅度拓展得市场。
18. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. 【词汇突破】auditors 审计人员 distract 分散注意力
【主干识别】It is entirely reasonable to believe that +宾语从句. 形式主语从句
【其他成分】for auditors 状语；scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.宾语从句。
【微观解析】scientists should not be distracted 宾语从句主干；who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there 定语从句修饰scientist；where they are going and how they will get there定语从句中know的宾语从句；by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.状语；of keeping one eye on the cash register修饰the necessity 作定语。while the other eye is on the microscope状语修饰keeping。
【难点揭秘】主语从句中出现定语从句，定语从句中出现并列的宾语这样隔离的障碍就更为显著了。 【译文赏析】审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，另一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。
【翻译点拨】by短语在句子中是充当状语，翻译为原因，where they are going and how they will get there处理为知道做什么，知道怎么做，这样的表达符合中文的习惯。如果直接翻译为：知道他们要去哪里和怎么去，就是对于字面含义的翻译。属于死译。
19. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. 【词汇突破】hypocritical 虚伪的； spectacles 景象 ample 充足的
radical 激进的，根本的
journalist 记者，新闻工作者 advocate 支持
participatory democracy 参与制民主 enrolled in 注册入学，入伍
【主干识别】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles 主谓结构的被动态
【其他成分】 which now more than ever seem in ample supply 定语从句修饰spectacles；“：”之后列出三种虚伪的景象的代表人物，举例说明。
【微观解析】定语从句还原为一个完整的句子：The spectacles now more than ever seem in ample supply.其主干为：The spectacles seem in ample supply；now more than ever为状语。代表人物一 the critic of American materialism（美国物质主义的批评者） with a Southampton summer home;（其拥有南安普顿的避暑山庄）；代表人物二 the publisher of radical books（激进书刊的出版者）who takes his meals in three-star restaurants，定语从句讲他们却在三星级酒店就餐（因为激进主义者往往是最求生活极简的）；代表人物三 the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life（支持在人生的各个阶段推崇参与制民主的记者）whose own children are enrolled in private schools定语从句讲他们自己的孩子却在私立学校上学（私立学校的教育是精英制的，而参与制民主是需要和大众贴近的）。
【难点揭秘】冒号后并列的三个部分就是三个名词后面接上比较长的定语修饰，这样就造成了阅读的困难；
【译文赏析】相反，我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更多见：批判美国式物质主义的人却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段实施参与式民主的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。
【翻译点拨】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles如果直接翻译那就是：我们被招待了很好的虚伪景象；这样的说法并不符合中文的习惯，中文是多主动，英语多被动，因此句子转译为：我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象fine 处理为非常。
20.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, \Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.\
【词汇突破】explanatory 解释性的 upsetting 不安 consists of 包含
【主干识别】 it is a little upsetting to read that+宾语从句and then to find that+宾语从句；形式主语句，句子主语为 to read and to find.在主语中带有两个动词不定式中的宾语从句；
【其他成分】 in the explanatory notes 状语；a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge宾语从句主干；off which they both fall into the river起连接句子作用的定语从句；the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers宾语从句主干；\eighty-five kilograms.\是Line的同位语。
【微观解析】off which they both fall into the river还原为一个句子就是：they both fall into the river off the bridge. 【难点揭秘】主语是两个并列的成分识别并列主语是一大难点；
【译文赏析】但当我们先是从解释性注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上格斗并双双掉进河里，而后又发现该行诗中只充斥着\扑通，扑通，185公斤重\这类对他们落水时的声音以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。
【翻译点拨】先把两个比较长的主语单独译成两个句子，再翻译剩下的部分，打破英语中的句子限定，单独成句是很重要的翻译技巧，简单讲就是哪个部分太长就尽量的单独翻译。
21. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. 【词汇突破】interactivity 互动性 hospitality 友好性
security 安全性
【主干识别】The examples show that?+宾语从句；主谓宾结构
【其他成分】of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers作example的同位语；我们把其看作为：A of B 的结构，A为上义词，B 为下义词，这样在翻译的处理中我们不需要生硬的翻译为“??的例子”；a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.宾语从句
【微观解析】 selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security现在分词短语修饰a web site; 宾语从句主干为：a Web site will attract online customers.
【难点揭秘】由于出现并列使得主语和谓语之间出现了较长的修饰，产生隔离，在宾语从句的后置定语中也出现并列产生隔离，这样了产生了隔离。
【译文赏析】像Virtual Vineyards，Amazon．com这样的先驱网站表明，一个将交互性、服务性和安全性合理结合，且销售正确产品的网站是可以吸引来网上客户的。 【翻译点拨】宾语从句单独成句; 在翻译example of?的时候翻译为“像??”。
22.They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. 【词汇突破】statistics 数据
写作过程中可以使用固定词组：statistics and details achievers获得成功的人
【主干识别】They gather all the data. 主谓宾结构。
【其他成分】they can 的完整表达为：that they can gather ; 出于简洁的考虑省掉了that 和gather；not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers整个部分是data 的同位语。 【微观解析】同位语中第一部分是performance statistics and biographical details；第二个部分为the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers，其中with high achievers为定语修饰experiments. 【难点揭秘】同位语部分出现并列现象造成比较冗长产生阅读难点。
【译文赏析】他们尽其所能收集了一切数据，这些数据不仅包括表现数据和传记式资料，而且也包括了那些取得了表现优异者在实验室实验中的实验结果。 补充一些心理学术语：
biographical characteristics 传记特点biographical data 传记式资料biographical inventory 传记式量表Biographical Inventory for R & T Talent 科研人才甄选传记式量表biographical inventory tests 传记式问卷测验biographical method 传记法biographical study 传记研究biographicaltype case study 传记式个案研究23.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that \’s ills \who uses rap to communicate with students. 【词汇突破】verse 歌词，诗句 stockholder 股东
assert 声称，认为，宣称 social ill 社会问题
【主干识别】Levin asserted that +宾语从句and even cited his son. 主谓宾结构
【其他成分】During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders meeting状语；music is not the cause of society’s ills 宾语从句主系表结构；a teacher in the Bronx, New York同位语；who uses rap to communicate with students.定语从句修饰a teacher。 【难点揭秘】并列的动词和同位语构成一定的阅读难点
【译文赏析】在上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称说：\音乐不是社会问题的原因\，他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，他儿子正在用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。
【翻译点拨】将同位语单独翻译为一个句子是在翻译中的常用手法。
24. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of \two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
【词汇突破】constitutional 宪法的
physician-assisted suicide 医生帮助下的自杀 permissible 可以被允许的
【主干识别】the Court supported the medical principle of \主谓宾结构
【其他成分】Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide状语从句；in effect作状语；a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect整个都是the medical principle of \的同位语。
【微观解析】a centuries-old moral principle其后被 holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 所修饰。holding that +宾语从句，其中主干为：an action is permissible；having two effects修饰 an action；a good one and a harmful one为two effects的同位语，被that is intended和that is foreseen两个定语从句所修饰；if the actor intends only the good effect为宾语从句的状语。
【难点揭秘】这个句子的复杂就在于同位语的复杂，同位语中有现在分词短语带上宾语从句，在宾语从句中又出现同位语，同位语中又出现定语从句。这样的句子虽然复杂但是还是从最简单的结构一步步搭建出来的。the Court supported the medical principle of \解释什么叫double effect；“holding that+宾语从句”修饰 double effect；an action having two effects is permissible为宾语从句的主干；a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen 解释什么是two effects；if the actor intends only the good effect 为状语从句。
【译文赏析】尽管最高法院已经裁定出医生帮助下的自杀行为并不受宪法的支持，但最高法院实际上支持了被称为\双重效果\的医疗原则；这个已有几个世纪历史的道德原则认为一个行为可能会有两个效果——— 一个想要达到的好的效果和一个已经预见到的有害的效果。如果行为的实施者想要的只是要好的效果的话，这个行为是被允许的 【翻译点拨】对于同位语的处理我们还是采取了惯用的单独成句的方法，也用到了破折号解释的方法。
25.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. 【词汇突破】reinforced 加强
introduction 引入和制定 refereeing 推荐制度 journal 期刊
【主干识别】The overall result has been to make entrance harder.主谓宾宾补的结构；entrance to professional geological journals宾语, harder for amateurs 宾补.
【其他成分】to professional geological journals定语修饰entrance；for amateurs状语；a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century作主语result的同位语。
【微观解析】that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing 定语从句修饰a result, by the widespread introduction of refereeing ，为状语by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century 为定语修饰introduction； 【难点揭秘】同位语后面定语从句中状语by和后面定语by的区别。
【译文赏析】这样一来总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊上发表文章就更难了，而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果，该种制度先被19世纪的国家级刊物引入，后又在20世纪，又被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用。
26.At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. 【词汇突破】institute 机构 substantial 实际的
bombard不断攻击;向...连续提出问题 lengthy冗长
【主干识别】the American Law Institute issued new guidelines
【其他成分】a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight同位语；for tort law定语修饰new guidelines；stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones 定语修饰new guidelines。
【微观解析】companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones；动词为warn 和bombard并列; warn sb of sth ; bombard sb with sth.。
【难点揭秘】同位语有一个隔离现象产生；stating+ that +句子其中出现两个并列的动词；
【译文赏析】与此同时，美国法律协会，由一群法官、律师和专家学者组成的组织，他们的建议分量极重，发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针，宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意一些可能会出现的危险。
27. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners；and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 【词汇突破】manipulation 操纵
detached 分离，如果表示态度则是表示中立，不关心的 【主干识别】manipulation increased the numbers and importance of shareholders 主谓宾结构
【其他成分】Such large, impersonal，of capital and industry定语修饰manipulation；as a class 定语修饰shareholder；an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners ；and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business整个是shareholder 的同位语。
【微观解析】in national life，representing irresponsible wealth，detached from the land and the duties of the landowners，and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business都是定语修饰an element。
【难点揭秘】同位语中的三个后置定语造成了阅读的障碍。
【译文赏析】这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，他们是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。
28.Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. 【词汇突破】analytical 解析 verbal 文字的 components 成分
【主干识别】Sternberg notes that+宾语从句
【其他成分】traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge 宾语从句；并列的动词best assess 和 fail to measure；components also critical to problem solving and life success 为creativity and practical knowledge的同位语； critical to problem solving and life success
为形容词短语修饰components。 【难点揭秘】同位语中加上了由形容词短语充当的后置定语加大了阅读难度。
【译文赏析】斯顿伯格指出传统的测试能最好的评估出解析能力和语言能力而不能衡量一个人的创造性和实际才能，而这些都是对于解决问题和成功人生而言极其重要的因素。 【翻译点拨】后置定语前置，同位语单独成句。
29. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. 【词汇突破】critical 重要的， concerning 关于 【主干识别】and连接两个完整的并列句。第一个句子主干为： science does provide us with the best available guide to the future.第二个句子主干为：it is critical that +主语从句。
【其他成分】our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions主语从句
【微观解析】由于表语是critical表示重要性，在从句中用了“shoud +动词原型”的虚拟语气动词形式，should 被省略了；that science can provide定语从句修饰judgment；concerning the future consequences of present actions.现在分词短语也是在修饰judgment。 【难点揭秘】出现多个后置定语造成翻译的障碍。
【译文赏析】但是科学确实能提供对于未来的最好的指导，对于现在的行为之于未来的结果，科学能提供最好的评判，我们的国家和世界应该把重要的政策机遇这种判断之上，这一点非常重要。
【翻译点拨】后半句翻译的过程中最大的问题就是如何处理多个后置定语，这里可以采取倒序的方法进行翻译，在行文的过程中用代词来进行连接；先说：best judgments concerning the future consequences of present actions.关于现在的行为之余未来的结果的最好判断（the future consequences of present actions.）再说science can provide科学能提供，这样前两句合并后变为：对于现在的行为之于未来的结果（定语变为中文中的状语），科学能提供最好的判断。最后译前半段：我们的国家和世界应该把重要的政策机遇这种判断之上，这一点非常重要。
30. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.
【词汇突破】lest 以免，以防 （后面所接从句需要使用should+动词原型的虚拟语气） acquire 获得
deceptive 欺骗性的
【主干识别】They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor 加情态动词的主系表结构。
【其他成分】 lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. 状语从句。
【微观解析】lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth， 状语从句中出现并列动词go and acquire，其中 go 为系动词，并且省略的should； go unchallenged 意思为：不被质疑。
【难点揭秘】这个句子的难点就是虚拟语气的识别和并列动词的识别，是为了讲解虚拟语气而列的一个句子。 【译文赏析】他们应该迅速回复给编辑的来信（读者来信），以免动物权利的错误信息不受质疑（大行其道）、并且披上貌似真理的骗人外衣。 【翻译点拨】对于给编辑的来信，错误信息不受质疑我们都可以采取正话反说的方法来进行翻译。 31.It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. 【词汇突破】interactive feature 互动特征 criteria 标准，条件
matching position 匹配职位 database 数据库 【主干识别】主干部分为强调句式，去掉强调格式后，为An interactive feature lets visitors key in job criteria then E-mails them.并列谓语 lets 和emails
【其他成分】such as location, title, and salary 后置定语；when a matching position is posted in the database.状语从句。
【难点揭秘】强调句式；并列谓语such as 做后置定语使两个动词的识别出现困难，且后一个动词为常见的名词被活用为名词。
【译文赏析】正是这种交互式的特征使得访客可以键入自己的求职要求，比如地点、职务和薪水，当数据库里张贴出相应的职位时这种互动性的特征又可以给访问者发送电子邮件通知他们。
32. If the journalism did notice the essence of this issue , it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 【词汇突破】diversity 多样性
differ 不同（不及物动词）：例.Tastes differ.萝卜青菜各有所爱。 outlook 世界观 values 价值观
【主干识别】it would open up its diversity program and look for reporters.并列动词
【其他成分】If this group did notice the real difference 状语从句；now focused narrowly on race and gender 过去分词作状语；who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 定语从句作后置定语。 【难点揭秘】后置定语过长，影响对并列动词的识别造成阅读的难点。
【译文赏析】如果新闻界真的注意到了问题的关键，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目，这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工，新闻界应该进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层都大相径庭的各种记者。 【翻译点拨】过长的后置定语可以单独成句。
33.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
【词汇突破】head-scratching：令人头疼的 puzzlement困惑
【主干识别】This project has turned out to be findings 加上后面一系列的对于findings的修饰。
【其他成分】sad to say 插入语，遗憾的说。combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement 非谓语结构做定语（这里修饰的是findings）；about what in the world those readers really want.定语从句修饰puzzlement；in the world 做插入语。从句的主干为：what those readers really want.
【微观解析】factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes。这个并列结构是factual errors和spelling and grammar mistakes的并列。combined with 相当一个连词。 【难点揭秘】非谓语结构的加入会导致解析起来比较困难。
【译文赏析】遗憾的说，这个项目最终被证明是一个很低级的研究，它着眼于错误的事实和拼写以及语法的问题，还有很多关于读者究竟想要什么的困惑。
34.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that reengineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. 【词汇突破】re-engineering and downsizing 重新设计、缩小规模 contribution 原因和因素
【主干识别】New ways of organizing the workplace are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy.主系表结构
【其他成分】 all that re-engineering and downsizing 同位语；which is driven by many other factors such as
joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.非限定性定语从句。 【微观解析】such as 做后置定语 【难点揭秘】后置定语从句和后置定语的冗长会产生一定的阅读障碍。
【译文赏析】厂房布置的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是影响对一个经济体的整体生产力的一个因素，整体的生产力还受许多其他因素的影响，比如结合设备和机械上的投资、新技术，以及在教育和培训上的投资。 35. President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. 【词汇突破】 campaigned to do 致力于. (写作替换词：devote to，focus on, dedicate oneself to) social Security 社会保障 saving-account model 账户储蓄模式(如果不能准确的理解这个词的意思，提取主干时去掉它也不会有影响，只要理解是一种模式就好。) trade 交换 guaranteed 保障，确保 swear to , guarant to , assure to 都是保障和确保的意思。 【主干识别】Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a model加独立主格结构。
【其他成分】with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments。depending on investment returns。在这里需要搞清楚独立主格的本质，就是将两个主语不同但有内在逻辑联系的句子合为一个句子，因而这个结构便可理解为retirees traded much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments。 depending on investment returns非谓语作后置定语修饰payments。 【微观解析】理解含有独立主格的句子的关键在于分割，要将with后面的句子还原，单独翻译。而对payments修饰若是变为定语从句则为 which depended on investment returns.这种对于名词修饰形式的转变可以灵活的运用于写作中的。 【难点揭秘】独立主格的存在会使直接翻译略显僵化。
【译文赏析】布什总统致力于将社会保障转变为帐户储蓄模式，在这个模式里，退休人员将用他们大量甚至是全部的有保障的收入换来依靠于投资回报的收入。
36. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.
【词汇突破】deliciously 美味的，但在这个句子里若是这样翻译就太死板了。在无法准确的理解副词意思的情况下，大可将其做very 来理解 【主干识别】it is ironic+时间状语从句
【其他成分】when you consider that 时间状语从句；who earns their living 非限制性定语从句，修饰Shakespeare，它的特殊之处在于处于主谓之间，起到了主谓隔离的作用，这样处理使句子内部长短相间，错落有致，写作中可以灵活运用。
【微观解析】首先要找清楚Shakespeare所搭配的动词是 was,而且was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.这个句子是强调句（部分强调），可还原为when you consider that Shakespeare was an actor (with a beard) and his share of noise-making.
其次再找定语从句who earns their living的修饰对象是Shakespeare。
【难点揭秘】这个句子的巧妙之处在于定语从句的位置以及为配合语气所做的强调处理，建议写作时适当运用.
【译文赏析】想想给他们带来生机的莎士比亚本人就是一个演员（而且留胡子），他也是这些噪音的一部分，你就会觉得这一切颇具讽刺意味。 【翻译点拨】did his share of noise-making 在翻译时不要生硬的翻译为：为噪声的制造做出了自己的贡献，这里的翻译可以是：他也参与了噪声的制造或者是他就是噪声中的一部分。
37.To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. 【词汇突破】 vaccines 疫苗 unaware 没有注意到 cruel残忍 【主干识别】animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst 加定语从句
【其他成分】who are unaware that 定语从句；that animal research was needed to produce these treatments宾语从句，to produce these treatments表示目的的不定式；these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines三个事物的并列，理解为these treatments 和new treatments and vaccines的并列。
【微观解析】句子的语序若是调整为animal research seems?to those who?这样的结构会更加的条理。进而再解析其中的定语从句，以及定语从句中的宾语从句。
【难点揭秘】 原句中的语序调整，以及状语部分的长度会给找句子主干带来困难。
【译文赏析】 有一些人他们不知道动物研究对于这些治疗方法和一些新的治疗方法以及疫苗而言是必须的，对于他们来讲，动物研究说的最好听是浪费，说得最难听是残忍。
38.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of \into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. 【词汇突破】 much-publicized：公开的 resignation：辞职 build-up: 集结的，巨大的（写作词汇） doctrine：信条 downshifting：降档，这里根据语境应灵活翻译为悠闲，闲适。 【主干识别】I have discovered that 加宾语从句
【其他成分】as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress非限制性定语从句，可还原主干为 as Kelsey will （discover）?，after a build-up of stress作状语；that后面是一个宾语从句，主干为bandoning the doctrine and making the move brings with it rewards. 【微观解析】解析这个句子应该先找discovered后的宾语从句的主干，再解析。of \your life\是doctrine的定语，far greater rewards than financial success and social status.是关于回报的一个比较。而as所引导的非限制性定语从句则是对整个句子的一个修饰，应放到最后来解析。
【难点揭秘】过长的状语时阅读的一大障碍，as引导的句子中省略了动词这个句子中的非限制性定语从句中应还原discover,且它修饰整个句子。这个知识点常用于写作当中。 【译文赏析】我已经发现，放弃那种\为生活忙碌\的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。或许凯尔西因不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《女友》杂志社的编辑一职之后也会发现。
39.Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the \morality of respect for parents\ 【词汇突破】argue 认为 introduce 制定，引入 raised eyebrows: 表示惊讶，不可思议，舆论一片哗然（把别人的眉毛给抬起了） morality 道德 American occupation authorities：美国占领当局 【主干识别】Mitsuo Setoyama raised eyebrows+时间状语从句
【其他成分】who was then education minister 定语从句，修饰Mitsuo Setoyama；when引导的时间状语从句的主干为he argued that liberal reforms had weakened the morality，iberal reforms had weakened the morality宾语从句；introduced by the American occupation authorities非谓语结构作定语修饰reforms；after World
WarII置于句中，作时间状语。
【微观解析】抓住句子主干后应该一层一层的理解句子中的成分。解析定语从句应找到其相应的先行词，而when 引导的时间状语从句比较长，确定主谓宾关系后再将各个修饰成份加入。
【难点揭秘】这个句子的从句比较多，若是不能准确划分主干则很难准确理解句意。对于状语的识别和位置的灵活掌握也是这个句子的重点之一。
【译文赏析】去年，时任教育部长濑户光夫争辩说二战后由美国占领当局引入的自由主义革新削弱了日本民族\尊敬父母的道德品质\的时候，舆论一片哗然
40.When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. 【词汇突破】advisable： 明智的 advocate： 倡导者 farfetched：牵强的 【主干识别】it is advisable to find out 加时间状语从句，原因状语从句，让步状语从句。 【其他成分】when a new movement in art attains a certain fashion时间状语从句；what its advocates are aiming at 宾语从句；for it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal原因状语从句。
【微观解析】 it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal形式主语从句，in yeas to come为状语，however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today让步状语从句，其正常语序为：their principles may seem however farfetched and unreasonable，they 指代principles。 例：However hard he tried，he still failed in the entrance exam． 无论他多么努力地尝试，他还是没有通过入学考试。 需要明白 however 词性一为副词，①不管到什么程度, 无论如何，不管怎么②然而, 可是, 不过，仍然；词性二为连词，①不管怎样。当然however 做副词表示“但是，转折”的意思，这是我们最熟悉的，提醒一点，做转折讲的时候是不能连接两个句子的。However的用法还需要注意以下两点： （1）用作副词，相当于no matter how，引导让步状语从句，意思是“不管怎样??”“无论如何??”，具体结构有以下两种： 1）however+形容词+主语+系动词，例： However rich people are，they always seem anxious to take more money. 无论人们有多富裕，他们似乎总是渴望挣到更多的钱。 2）however+副词+主语+谓语，例： However fast he runs，he can’t catch up with us. 无论他跑得多快也不能赶上我们。 （2）用作连词，引导让步状语从句，意思是“怎么样都行”。例： In one’s own home one can acts however he wishes. 在自己家里一个人想干什么都行。 【难点揭秘】原因状语从句中插入让步状语从句会使句子的后半部分显得比较复杂。
【译文赏析】当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时，最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图，因为，不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理，很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常。 41. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature. 【词汇突破】Futurist：未来主义
with regard to：关于（替换词：with respect to，in the light of,in terms of ） 【主干识别】the case is rather difficult 加原因状语从句
【其他成分】With regard to Futurist poetry状语；for it can hardly be classed as Literature.原因状语从句；whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right原因状语从句中的让步状语从句。
【微观解析】 whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right中，even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right在句中充当状语，admmiting 后接宾语从句，主干为the theory may be right，on which it is based作定语修饰the theory，it 指代futurist poetry。 这个句子的难点还在于whatever的用法。whatever的字典释义为： （1）代词（pron.） ①任何(事物), 每样(事物) ②无论什么, 不管什么③（用于问句，表示惊讶或困惑）到底是什么，究竟是什④（用于回应，表示不在乎或不感兴趣）或许吧，无所谓 ⑤（表示不在乎，什么都可接受）什么都可以 （2）形容词（adj.）①任何, 什么?? （3）副词 （adv.）① 任何② 一点儿都（不）；丝毫（不）；什么都（没有）③不管发生什么。 whatever的用法主要有以下两点需要关注： （1）引导名词性从句，相当于anything that，意思是“所??的任何事情”，在语气上比what更加强调。例：
Whatever she did was right. 她所做的一切都是对的。 Take whatever you want. 你想要什么就拿什么吧。 （2）引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter what，意思是“无论什么”，“不管什么”，whatever在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语或定语。例： Whatever happens，you mustn’t lose your heart. 无论发生什么事情，你都不要丧失信心。（作主语） Whatever you do，do it well. 无论你做什么事情都要把它做好。（作宾语） Whatever I am，it is useful to know foreign languages. 无论我干什么，懂几门外语总是有用的。（作表语） You have to go on whatever difficulties you meet. 不管遇到什么困难你都得进行下去。（作定语）
【难点揭秘】这个句子的难点在于结构复杂的状语从句，在状语中还加入了处理的办法是先将句子简化，理解之后再逐渐加入其他的成分，这也是长难句的通常解决办法
【译文赏析】然而就未来主义诗歌来说，情况则不这么简单了，因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么——就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的——这种形式也很难被归入文学。
42. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. 【词汇突破】apart from 除开；相当于besides; in addition to 的意思。 promote 促销 Parliament：议会 live up to：不辜负，在翻译时常处理为符合 【主干识别】no regular advertiser dare promote a product 加定语从句
【其他成分】Apart from the fact 介词结构作状语；that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising同位语从句对fact的进一步阐释；that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements定语从句，修饰product。
【难点揭秘】这句话的主干较为清晰，复杂的地方在于多重的否定。我们可以找到no和fail这两个具有否定意思的词，根据汉语知识可知双重否定为肯定，这样一来句意就会清楚很多。对于否定词的敏感度不够会造成歧义。状语部分的识别也有一定难度、
【译文赏析】除去议会用来规范广告的第27条法案的限制之外，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种不符合其广告承诺的商品。
【翻译点拨】对于live up to 的翻译用到的是常见的反译法的技巧，反译法即正话反说，来表达相同的意思。如：.I lay awake all night.（我一夜没合眼.。） He never lies.（他每次都说真话。） 43.The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean
because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. 【词汇突破】 detect ：检测，侦查 massive：巨大的，大规模的（写作中可用到的替换词） 【主干识别】The notion is that 加表语从句 【其他成分】people have failed to detect the massive changes 表语从句（表语从句是对主语的阐释。）；which have happened in the ocean 定语从句，修饰为changes；because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past原因状语从句。
【微观解析】句子的主干是The notion is that+表语从句，而定语从句则是修饰表语从句中的一个词，因此在理解翻译时需要注意主次关系。对于fail这一类带有否定意味的词可直接作为not来理解。relatively 修饰short . 【难点揭秘】原句中的从句较多，需要有层次的去理解， 【译文赏析】意思就是说人们没有发现海里发生的巨大变化，因为他们只看了过去相对较短的一段时间。 【翻译点拨】对于The notion is的处理可以是 意思是说?,或者，人们认为?? 44.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. 【词汇突破】inflation：膨胀，通货膨胀 general commodity-price inflation
global excess demand：全球过旺需求（金融类的词汇） 【主干识别】One more reason is that 加表语从句
【其他成分】not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices：不定式做定语修饰reason。这里需要注意的是不定式的否定是在to前面加not；unlike the rises in the 1970s插入语，它将表语从句的连接词与后面的部分隔离开来；it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand表语从句，主干为it has not occurred against the background。
【微观解析】这个句子的特点在于修饰成分较多进而将句子的主干隔离开来，因此对于各种修饰成分应该有极高的辨识能力。
【难点揭秘】零散的句式成为阻碍理解的因素，尤其是表语从句的冗长。
【译文赏析】另外一个不因油价上涨而失眠的原因是，这次涨价不像70年代的那些次上涨，它并不是在普遍的商品价格暴涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生的 45.This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. 【词汇突破】discrimination：歧视 alphabet：字母表
【主干识别】This refers to discrimination against those加定语从句
【其他成分】for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage：插入语，可改写为：for those who are unaware of such a disadvantage as yet理解起来会方便很多；as yet至今；whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet定语从句。
【微观解析】若是对于句中的插入语理解起来有困难，不妨试着改变它的句式结构，将长定语还原为定语从句，而这种方法的逆向思维可以与写作相结合，使文章的句式更加灵活多变。 【难点揭秘】较长插入语的出现会混淆视听，不容易把握主干。
【译文赏析】对于那些还不了解这种危害的人来说，它指的是对姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧视 46.From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to
reject anything that smells of elitism. 【词汇突破】democratic：民主的 populist：平民主义的
【主干识别:】our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything+定语从句【其他成分】says Hofstadter插入语；our democratic and populist urges have driven us to?可提炼出sth has driven sb to do? 这个句型；that smells of elitism定语从句，修饰anything。（注意smell的介词搭配） 【微观解析】若是觉得插入语干扰了正常的理解，可将这个句子变为Hofstadter aid ,”From the beginning of our history, our democratic and populist urges havedriven us to reject anything that smells of elitism。”这样的由直接引语构成的宾语从句会降低句子的难度
【难点揭秘】灵活的利用插入语改变句式是这个句子给我们的启示。
【译文赏析】Hofstadter说，从我们的历史一开始，我们对于民主化和大众化的渴求就迫使我们拒绝一切带有精英主义色彩的东西
47.The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
【词汇突破】depletion：消耗（consume的同义替换词） ozone layer:臭氧层（碰到这种专业词汇不要慌张，判断出它是一个名词即可） 【主干识别】the enemies are those 加定语从句
【其他成分】argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University插入语，相当于上一句中的says Hofstadter，of Stanford University做定语修饰Paul Ehrllch；a pioneer of environmental studies：插入语；who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth定语从句修饰those。
【微观解析】a pioneer of environmental studies插入语，改写为who is a pioneer of environmental studies就 可以很快判断出它是修饰Paul Ehrllch的，而并非是句子的主语。定语从句中supporting global warming作evidence的定语（仍旧是修饰形式的变化）。 【难点揭秘】在这个句子中，关于Paul Ehrllch的修饰成分作为插入语造成了主干隔离。句子的后半部分，定语从句中修饰evidence的定语以非谓语的形式出现。另外由于插入语的存在可能会导致判断主语的失误从而句意理解错误。
【译文赏析】 环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗?6?1厄尔里西认为，科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。
48.\control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...\【词汇突破】Wall Street Journal：华尔街日报
latitude：纬度（the widest possible latitude：尽可能大的自由，写作中可运用。） 【主干识别】the test lies in 加宾语从句。
【其他成分】he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column插入语；lies not in?but in?（是在于??而不在于??），写作句式，在理解句意时大可忽略not 后的内容而关注but后的内容。how well it can control expression宾语从句；whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude宾语从句，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...让步状语从句，注意however的用法在前面状语部分的第六个例句有详细的讲解。 【微观解析】宾语从句主干为 whether it gives freedom the widest possible latitude. give sb sth 是我们熟悉的表达，但是give sth sth 也是同样可以的。调整插入语的位置可较容易的找到句子主干，要清楚not?but?结构中强调的but后面的内容，同时准确把握从句的主干。
【难点揭秘】特殊的句式，较长的从句会使句子理解起来比较困难。
【译文赏析】\对任何一个民主社会的考验，\他在《华尔街日报》的一个专栏文章中写到，\不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达，而在于这个社会是否能给予思考和表达以尽可能广泛的自由，不管有时候可能造成的结果是多么的富有争议或令人不快\。
49.The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century.
【词汇突破】irresistible ：不可抗拒的(写作常用句型：sth has become a irresistible tendency.) momentum: 势头，趋势 individualism 个人主义
【主干识别】the shift is part of the momentum.
【其他成分】away from family life to solo lifestyle 介词短语做定语修饰shift；observes a French sociologist插入语；over the last century状语。
【微观解析】注意对shift进行具体描述时用from?to?这个结构。
【难点揭秘】本句同样是对于插入语的识别：observes a French sociologist.= a French sociologist observes 【译文赏析】一个法国社会学家观察到，从家庭生活到独居生活的转变是过去一个世纪以来“不可抗拒的独立主义动力”的一个部分
6. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. 【词汇突破】fortuning：可观的（由fortune变化而来） fortune 财富，未来 surging：汹涌澎湃的。 traffic 运量 （ 在用于网络的描述时表示：流量） cover 可以表达的意思很丰富。例如： （1）.a hourse one day can cover 14 miles.（表示走过的距离） （2）.100 dollars could cover my monthly spending. （表示需要的金钱）等，写作中可运用。 【主干识别】the railroad industry does not earn enough
【其他成分】as a whole 定语；despite its brightening fortuning fortunes 插入语（这里的despite可以换为in spite of）；it must invest 定语从句（这里省略了that）；to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic表目的的不定式
【微观解析】the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic中，it must invest 为省略了that 的定语从句，to keep up with its traffic为定语修饰capital。句中较长的插入语可以转化为让步状语从句：though it owns brightening fortuning fortunes。这样处理不仅有助于分离出主干还可以加强对不同语法的掌握。 【难点揭秘】句意比较复杂，若是不能适当的处理插入语或许无法准确快速的掌握句子大意。
【译文赏析】就铁路工业整体而言，尽管拥有大好形势，但它的收入仍旧不可以与资本的消耗相平衡，而这些资本则是为了满足庞大的交通体系而必须的。 【翻译点拨】多个后置定语出现时可以用前置和拆分的方法分别处理
49.The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe. 【词汇突破】mediocrity：平等，平庸 natural selection：自然选择 off -spring
【主干识别】mediocrity means that 加宾语从句，主谓宾结构 【其他成分】everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring插入语（由“—?—”可判断出）； that natural selection has lost 80% of its power 宾语从句；in upper-middle-class India 状语；compared to the tribe非谓语作状语。
【微观解析】everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring这里是将一个独立主格作为一个插入语来进一步解释mediocrity；还原其为一个句子则是：Everyone is the same in survival and number
off-spring.这里的插入语相当于是对mediocrity的解释，因此在快速阅读时可以跳过不看。compared to the tribe提前到宾语从句开头的位置可以更通顺的翻译句子。 【难点揭秘】根据标点来判断插入语，非谓语的灵活运用。。
【译文赏析】当今人与人在很大程度上的平等—即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等，并且连子嗣的数目都一样—这意味着和印度土著部落的情况相比，自然选择在印度中上层阶级中已丧失了80％的作用。 【翻译点拨】对于状语的灵活处理
50.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. 【词汇突破】 professional training：职业训练
【主干识别】 professional training might be the way to go 加原因状语从句。 【其他成分】for a small group of students 介词短语做状语；since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.原因状语从句。
【微观解析】原因状语从句的主干为：since skill can be the difference between having a job or not. all other factors being equal独立主格结构的插入语，还原为一个句子则是：all other factors are equal.
【难点揭秘】这个句子的结构是一个典型的长短相错，利用状语，插入语将主从句主干分割开来，建议试着仿写。由于插入语的原因，寻找主干时需要注意主从句各自的主语与动词相对应。
【译文赏析】但是，对一个小部分学生来说，职业教育也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。
51. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 【词汇突破】appropriate：恰当的，合适的 liability：责任（duty，obligation,commitment 的同义替换词） 【主干识别】it isn\主语从句（it 为形式主语）
【其他成分】while warnings are often approprite and necessary and many are required by state or federal regulations让步状语从句；the dangers of drug interactions, for example.插入语；that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability宾语从句；if a customer is injured条件状语从句。
【微观解析】由while引导的时间状语从句中，大的并列可还原为while warnings are often?and many warnings are required?
【难点揭秘】各种从句交织在一起会导致主干模糊，其中也包括出现插入语的现象
【译文赏析】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的--比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告--许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们) 并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告其实是在使其生产者和销售者豁免责任。
52.This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting. 【词汇突破】enthrone: 使??成为??.(其同近义词为entitle) densely：密集的 nation’s head counting：全国人口普查（同census） implication 重要意义和重要性，影响
【主干识别】this deelopment has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region.
【其他成分】and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead插入语；in years ahead在未来的几年中（前面我们有学到in the years to come）；for the first time:介词短语作状语，可换为firsly；in the history of the nation’s head counting时间状语。
【微观解析】这个句子中值得积累的句型为 sth has enthroned sth as? (某物使某物成为??) 【难点揭秘】对enthorne搭配的掌握以及in years ahead的理解。
【译文赏析】这种发展——以及其对美国政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的影响一一使得南部在
全国人口普查中有史以来首次成为美国人口最密集的地区。
53.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80’s, down-shifting in the mid 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life--growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle --as a personal recognition of your limitations.
【主干识别】 Down-shifting in the mid- 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift.
【其他成分】For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80’s介词短语作状语；growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one同位语；as a personal recognition of your limitations状语。
【微观解析】for 介词 the women of my generation名词 who were urged to keep juggling through the 80’s定语从句修饰the women of my generation。
【难点揭秘】not so(as) much?as 这个比较结构的理解通常理解为：与其说，不如说；例如：He was not so much angry as disappointed.（他与其说愤怒不如说失望。）
【译文赏析】对于我这一代曾在整个80年代为生活奔波的女人来说，90年代中期出现的归隐恬退与其说是我们寻求一种神话般的美好生活（用有机肥种植蔬菜，并且冒险去过一种更加简单和更少物质的生活方式）不如说是我们清醒地认识到自身能力是有限的。
54.A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man . 【主干识别】A home without love is no more a home.
【其他成分】than a body without a soul is a man状语从句 【难点揭秘】这个句子难点在于no more than结构的用法： （1）如果是对数量进行修饰的时候，no more than = only, 意为“仅仅，只有”，例如：There are no more than ten people in the room.（房间里只有十个人。） （2）在程度上进行比较时，no more than有“两者都不”之意，表示说话者主观上嫌其少（差、不足、 不好）等，例如：This book is no more interesting than that one.（这两本书都没趣。） 也就是说这个结构在程度比较的时候than后面所接的句子或其他成分都受到了前面否定词no的限制，例如：I can run no faster than he can.（我跑的不快，他跑的也不快。） 分为两个句子为： i）A home without love is not home ii）A body without a soul is not a man. 用no more than 结构连起来就成了上面的句子。任何固定结构其实都是从简单到复杂的一个过程，任何结构都是可以从最基本的句子成分入手进行解析的。
【译文赏析】正像一个没有灵魂的躯体不成其为人，就如一个没有爱的家庭不成其为家庭。
54. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
【词汇突破】census 人口普查
spacious 宽敞的（其同根形容词为 spatial 和空间有关的） dramatize 体现和表明
【主干识别】1980 census statistics dramatize the American search for spacious living.
【其他成分】nowhere 状语，置于句首引起了句子的倒装；more 状语修饰dramatize；than in the Far West 状语。
【微观解析】比较对象：任何一个地区和the Far West； 比较内容：对于美国人渴求宽敞生活的体现； 比较结果：在Far west 地区最能体现。
Nowhere 既是表明了比较的对象也表明了比较的结果。
【难点揭秘】在对于比较结构一定要关注比较的三要素，比较对象，比较内容和比较结果。 【译文赏析】1980的人口普查数据表明远西地区是对宽敞住宿条件需求最高的地区。
55.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly：summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. 【词汇突破】sign 标志
summer home 避暑山庄
【主干识别】people do not seem less interested in success and its signs
【其他成分】now than formerly状语；冒号后的句子summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.对前面主句进行解释。
【微观解析】summer homes, European travel, BMWs名词词组表示列举，松散的句子结构。“—”之后the locations, place names and name brands may change，but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.对summer homes, European travel, BMWs进行解释； 主句中比较对象为：Now 和formerly； 比较内容为：人们对这些事物的兴趣； 比较结果为：人们的兴趣没有减弱； 从句中比较对象为：today 和 a decade or two years ago； 比较内容是：人们对其的需求程度； 比较结果为：现在的需求也以前的需求是一样的。
【难点解析】出现比较结构，而比较中又包含有否定；且出现由标点引起的松散句子结构，但是在局部的分析中句子结构也是很严密的。
【译文赏析】当然，人们现在对成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。消夏别墅、欧陆旅行、宝马车——地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化，但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不会亚于一二十年前
56. Surely there is no more commanding moral imperative for people in the west than to urge each other, and their governments, to bring relief to the world’s poorest.
【词汇突破】imperative 必须的，必须做的事，原则（常见的是形容词性，但是这里是名词表示必须做的事）
commanding 急迫的，紧迫的 urge 敦促 relief 援助
【主干识别】there is no more commanding moral imperative
【其他成分】for people in the west 状语；than to urge each other, and their governments, to bring relief to the world’s poorest状语。 【微观解析】句中的比较对象为：any moral imperative 和to urge each other, and their governments, to bring relief to the world’s poorest; 比较内容为：commanding 急迫; 比较结果为：to urge each other, and their governments, to bring relief to the world’s poorest最为急迫.
【难点解析】确定出比较的三要素是这个句子理解的难点，加上no以后就确定出than之后的内容是最高级。 【译文赏析】毫无疑问，对西方人来说，没有什么道德标准要比相互督促和督促国家给世界上最穷困的地
区带来救助更重要的了。
或：毫无疑问，对西方人来说相互督促和督促国家给世界上最穷困的地区带去救助是最重要的道德原则。 57.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together
determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. 【词汇突破】maximize:最大化 Coupled with：加上（combined with的同义替换） 【主干识别】it is the demand that determine 加宾语从句。
【其他成分】in the American economic system状语；coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes非谓语作状语，提取主干为 coupled with the desire and the desire；it is the demand that determine what?可还原为 the demand determines what?；what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it宾语从句。
【微观解析】这个强调句型运用it is＋被强调部分＋that?的结构强调主语，并且利用非谓语的伴随结构使得主干分离开来。
【难点揭秘】找出强调句中被强调的部分并且还原出原句。
【译文赏析】因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
58. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles，or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes. 【词汇突破】lawsuit 法律诉讼 compendsate 赔偿 warn of 警告 liable 负责 juries 陪审团
【主干识别】or连接两个并列的句子前一句主干为：a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.后一句为：the thinking has gone has gone so.
【其他成分】第一句：luckily状语；if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster状语；
第二句：since the early 1980s, 状语；when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes定语从句修饰the early 1980s.
【微观解析】when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes定语从句中holding所接宾语为一独立主格结构相当于一个名词，其完整形式是：More companies are liable for their customers’ misfoutunes，其中are 变为being ,being再被省去，详细内容可以参看独立主格的讲解。 【难点揭秘】这个句子难点就是so 在句子中的位置发生了改变，到了or 后面，而刚好 or so 是一个熟悉的短语可以修饰1980’s是很有可能误解为：the thinking has gone，这样句子的意思就反生了完全的改变。
【译文赏析】幸运的是，如果门垫或者是火炉没有能警告即将到来的灾难，你可以通过一场成功的法律诉讼来赔偿你的麻烦。从1980年代的早期开始人们的想法就是这样的了，那时候法庭认为商家对消费者的不幸应该负担更多的责任。
59. Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery would almost certainly bring the single market to a shuddering halt. 【词汇突破】recriminations相互指责，吵架； 反诉； 揭丑； 例句：Their relationship deteriorates into an endless cycle of squabbling , jealousy and recriminations. 他们的关系陷入争吵、嫉妒、指责的恶性循环 Treaty 合约和条约； Periphery边缘； 圆周； 外围； 边缘地带 Shuddering发抖的，震动的 Halt 停止
【主干识别】wild currency swings would bring the single market to a shuddering halt. 【其他成分】Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, 状语 between those in the core and those in the periphery定语 【微观解析】介词短语：介词Amid +名词1the recriminations and名词2 broken treaties 介词短语中的定语 after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, 【难点揭秘】长状语置于句首造成主干识别的困难，主语过长造成了翻译的难点。 【译文赏析】在欧盟最大的经济计划破产后的一片指责和违约之中，货币在欧盟核心国家和边缘国家中肆意动荡，这足以使欧元区的单一市场走向毁灭。 【翻译点拨】将主语wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery翻译为一个句子将名词swings 转译为动词。
60. Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill. 【词汇突破】census 人口普查 deveolop 出现
【主干识别】the picture is emerging
【其他成分】from the 1980 census状语；of a nation developing more and more regional competition定语修饰picture；as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill状语从句。【难点揭秘】倒装的识别【译文赏析】从1980年的人口普查中，出现了这样一个情况，当东北部和中西部地区的人口增长几乎停止的时候，这个国家地区间的竞争就变得的越来越激烈了。
61.With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.
【词汇突破】abandoned 抛弃
in favor of 赞成，支持 extended family 大家庭
【主干识别】centralization has come with economic growth.在写作的时候可以用这个句型：with B has come A（随着B??A??）
【其他成分】:fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households冒号后接定语修饰centralization。 【微观解析】fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities为句子主干，where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.定语从句修饰cities。 【难点揭秘】对于倒装的识别和系动词完成时态的识别。
【译文赏析】随着经济的增长，出现了集中化：全国1．19亿公民，其中整整76％的人口定居城市：在这里，原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃，取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的核心家庭。
62.Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.
【解析】Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats为形容词短语，coincident为形容词，with为介词，concerns为名词，about the accelerating loss of species and habitats为介词短语修饰concerns做定语；在形容词短语结束处紧接系动词的完成式has been，因此可以判定为倒装，而句子主语为：a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem为句子中的同位语，to the health of the Earth and human well-being修饰importance，构成一个小结构the importance of A to B（A对于B的重要性）。 整个句子的主干是：coincident with concerns has been a growing appreciation.对这个结构抽象以后可以
得到：Concident with A has been B。这个句型的关键是：A和B都是动态名词（对于动态名词的详细讲解请见本章第三节“相关知识点补充”），简单讲动态名词就是由动词变来的名词，如appreciation就是由appreciate变来的名词（appreciation在这里是表示“理解”和“认识”的意思，而不是常见的“欣赏”的意思），concerns本身既是名词又是动词；这个句型翻译的时候可以处理为：“随着A，B??”或者“A??与此同时B??”。而A和B则可以单独译为两个句子。 用这样的结构我们能写出很多漂亮的英语句子： （1）随着中国经济的发展，中国的教育水平有了极大的提高。 ●解析：这个句子中确定出两个动态名词：发展和提高，因此搭建出A和B： A:The development of Chinese economy B:The great improvement of education in China. ●译文：Coincident with the development of Chinese economy has been the great improvement of the education in China. (2)随着网络的兴起，电视开始衰落了。 ●解析：这个句子中确定出两个动态名词：兴起和衰落，因此搭建出A和B： A: the rise of the technology of internet; B: the decline of the televison; ●译文：Coincident with the rise of the technology of internet has been the decline of the television.
【译文】生物多样性是指在一个特定的生态系统中物种的数量，而人们越来越认识到其对于地球健康和人类幸福的重要性，与此同时，人们也越来越关心物种和其栖息地的加速丢失。
【点拨】在翻译中首先将同位语提前翻译，在面对没有主语的动态名词时可以加出泛指的“人们”。 63.All would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism and evolution debate.
【解析】助动词were被提前置于主语reason前，可以判定为部分倒装；此处倒装的原因是由于虚拟条件句中if被省略而引起的，句子还原就是：If reason were the only judge in the creationism and evolution debate, all would be well .
【译文】如果理性是创造论和进化论的争论中的唯一评判标准的话，那么所有的事情就很好办了。
附加句：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
【解析】句子也出现了虚拟语气的倒装：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances，完整的表达是if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances. they是指示代词，指代前文的测试；compensate for：弥补；inequality：不公平，不平等，不相同 tell：说明，表明；underprivilieged：贫困的、物质条件差的
【译文】例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公，因此就不能说明一个物质条件很差的人，如果在更加有利的条件下成长，会有多么能干。
64.Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity the technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. 【主干识别】：That was important
【解析】most important 为形容词置于句首后紧接系动词可以判定为倒装；主干的顺序应该是：that was most important.而they had all maintained with a certain fidelity the technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.为主语从句，在翻译的时候先翻冗长的主语从句。 【微观分析】：主语从句的主干：1.they had all maintained with a certain fidelity the technique and composition（注意 with a certain fidelity做状语）
2. consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist（做后置定语修饰technique，consistent形容词，与...相一致） 3. Thomas Cole做同位语
4.who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery
定语从句修饰thomas cole其中painting...做career的后置定语 5. bordering the Hudson River后置定语修饰scenery.
【译文】他们都几乎忠诚地在坚持着和美国第一个流行景观艺术家托马斯.柯尔的技法和构图原则一直的技法和原则，这是很重要的。柯尔一直在从事着描绘哈德逊河两岸的catskill山风景的事业。
65.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased “opportunities” for stress. 【解析】adding to a woman’s increase dose of stess chemicals 为ving,而后接复数系动词可以判定为倒装；正常语序为：her increased “opportunities” for stress are adding to a woman’s increase dose of stress chemicals.
Adding to A is B ; 这种结构也可以翻译为：除了A...
【译文】除开女性更多的压力物质外，还有就是她更多的受压力的机会。
再给一个倒装句：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.
【解析】句子开头是很长的一个介词短语：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young，整个部分被其中的一个定语从句that use the windswept cliffs to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young拉长，造成在理解上的困难；后紧接一个系动词are,可以判定为倒装，其主干语序应该是：common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets are Among the species of seabirds；
【译文】有一些鸟类会在夏天的时候利用在加拿大的陡峭的大西洋悬崖来交配，产卵和抚育自己的幼鸟，而普通的海雀，大西洋的海鸠，黑脚三趾鸥，以及北方的塘鹅都是这样的海鸟。
66. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the \researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who \【词汇突破】regularity 常规性 conformity 一致性 desirable 令人满意的，令人希望的，值得拥有的，例： It is desirable that you should be there by two o’clock.（希望你两点能到那里。） conventional 传统的
【主干识别】Nor is management to be blamed.Nor置于句首引起倒装，正常语序为management is not to be blamed.
【其他成分】if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect状语从句；for discriminating against the \favor of more conventional thinkers who \状语。
【微观解析】if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect主干为：regularity and conformity are as desirable；to a standard pattern定语修饰regularity and conformity；to the scientist状语； as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect. As 引导的定语从句修饰 regularity and conformity，as在句中做reflecte 的宾语，如果在科学家的论文中所反应出的对于标准模板的遵守和认同正是其所想得到的话。 【难点揭秘】由于nor 置于句首所引起的倒装和由as 所引导的定语从句造成阅读上的困难。
【译文赏析】如果在科学家的论文中所反应出的对于标准模板的遵守和认同正是其所想得到的话，那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的\思维与众不同的人\，喜欢其中较为传统的\善于团队合作\的思想者而受到指责了。