20¡¢St. Benedict ¡ª¡ú founded Benedictine Rule about 529 A.D. (רßøÇåÐÞµÄÈËÖÆ¶¨µÄ·¨ÂÉ)
21¡¢The Inquisition (ÎÊѶÌü) to stamp out so-called heresy.Òì½Ì 22¡¢The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (Ү·ÈöÀä) 23¡¢Crusades went on about 200 years.
24¡¢There were altogether eight chief Crusades.
25¡¢ (½áÊø) By 1291 the Moslems (ÄÂ˹ÁÖ) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control. 26¡¢Carolingian RenaissanceÃû´Ê½âÊÍ
Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne¡®s name in Latin£¬ Carolus. The most interesting facet (Ò»Ãæ) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (Óмû½â) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (ÎüÊÕ) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
27¡¢Roger Bacon¡®s work was the Opus maius. 28¡¢National Epics(Ãñ×åÊ·Ê«Ô˶¯)Ãû´Ê½âÊÍ
The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. ¡°National epic¡± refers to the epic written in vernacular languages¡ªthat is£¬ the languages of various national states (Ãñ×å¹ú¼Ò) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. 29¡¢Chaucer (ÇÇÛÅ) µÄÊ«¸èÌØµã£º ¢Ù power of observation (¹Û²ì) ¢Ú piercing irony (ÃôÈñµÄ·í´Ì) ¢Û sense of humour ¢Ü warm humanity (ÎÂůµÄÈËÐÔ)
ÓëµÒ¸ü˹ÏàËÆ30¡¢GothicÃû´Ê½âÊÍ¢Ù The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.
¢Ú It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and£¬ in some areas£¬ into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.
¢Û The Gothic was an outgrowth (·á¸»Óë·¢Õ¹) of the Romanesque.(ÂÞÂíʽ) 31¡¢The Canterbury Tales£º
¢Ù The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.
¢Ú Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(ѹͷÔÏ)
¢Û Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English. ÂÛÊö¼ò´ð
Ò»¡¢In the middle ages£¬ what cultures began to merge (ÈÚºÏ)£¿ ´ð£º
Classical£¬ Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (ÎÄ»¯ÈÚºÏ)¡£ It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.ÖÐÊÀ¼ÍΪÏÖ´úÅ·ÖÞÎÄ»¯ÆÌƽµÀ·
¶þ¡¢Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (ÐÅÑöµÄÄê´ú)£¿Ãû´Ê½âÊͺͼò´ð ´ð£º
1¡¢ During the Medieval (ÖÐÊÀ¼Í) times there was no central (ÖÐÑëµÄ) government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite (ÍŽá) Europe was the Christian church.
2¡¢The Christian church continued to gain (Ó®µÃ) widespread (ÆÕ¼°µÄ) power and influence.
3¡¢ In the Late middle ages£¬ almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics£¬ law£¬ art£¬ and learning (˼ÏëÁìÓò) for hundreds of years. 4¡¢It shaped (ÐγÉ) people¡®s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the ¡°Age of Faith¡±¡£
Èý¡¢How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages£¿ ´ð£º
1¡¢ feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (ÍÁµØËùÓÐ) ¡ª a system of holding land in exchange for military service (¾üÊÂÁ¦Á¿)¡£ The word ¡°feudalism¡± was derived (À´Ô´) from the Latin ¡°feudum¡±£¬ a grant (Ðí¿ÉµÄ) of land.
2¡¢In order to seek the protection of large land-owners£¬ the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners£¬ but they still had freedom£¬ they were called freemen.
3¡¢While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners£¬ and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs. 4¡¢In Feudalism£¬ the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (Óй¦µÄ´ó³¼) or soldiers as a reward (½±ÉÍ) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.
5¡¢There came a form of local and decentralized (·ÖÉ¢»¯µÄ) government. 6¡¢ As a knight£¬ he were pledged to protect the weak£¬ to fight for the church£¬ to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry£¬ from which the western idea of good manners developed.
ËÄ¡¢What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture£¿
(What is the great significance of the Crusades£¿)
´ð£º
1¡¢ The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (À½üÁ˶«Î÷·½µÄ½»Á÷) 2¡¢During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine£¬ kings at home found opportunities (»ú»á) to strengthen (¼ÓÇ¿) themselves. Thus among other things£¬ Crusades helped to break down feudalism£¬ which£¬ in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (È¡¶ø´úÖ®µÄÊǾýÖ÷׍֯) »ô²¼Ë¹Ö÷ÕžýÖ÷׍֯
3¡¢ Besides£¬ through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems£¬ the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire (ÆÚÍû) for wealth or power began to overshadow (սʤ) their religious ideals.
4¡¢The Crusades also resulted in renewing people¡®s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century£¬ universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (°¢À²®Êý×Ö)£¬ algebra (´úÊý)£¬ and Arab medicine (ҽѧ) were introduced to the West.
5¡¢ As trade increased£¬ village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments. (Ãñ×åÕþ¸®)
Îå¡¢How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages£¿ ´ð£º
1¡¢Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance£º (²éÀíÂüµÄÎÄÒÕ¸´ÐË) ¢Ù He was crowned ¡°Emperor of the Romans¡± by the pope in 800.
¢Ú Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne¡®s name in Latin£¬ Carolus. The most interesting facet (Ò»Ãæ) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (Óмû½â) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (ÎüÊÕ) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.