36、Cicero西赛罗he legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词

described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的

an enormous influence(巨大影响) on the development of European prose.(散文)

37、Julius Caesar commentaries批评论 “I came， I saw， I conquered.” 38、Virgil Aeneid 阿尼德

39、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.

The world‘s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所 40、The Colosseum(大理石像) it‘s an enormous.露天的环形影剧院 41、Sculpture(雕塑) She-wolf(母狼)

42、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式

43、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式 论述简答

一、What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancient Greece？(名解简答)

(How do you understand “Democracy” in ancient Greece？ What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancient Greece and modern democracy？) 答：

① Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”， but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.

② Women， children， foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.

二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop？ 答：

① Probably around 1200 B.C.， a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.

② Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.

A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion (入侵) early in the 5th century.

B. The establishment of democracy.

C. The flourishing (蒸蒸日上的) of science， philosophy， literature， art and historical writing in Athens.

③ The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. ④ In the second half of the 4th century B.C.， Greece was conquered by Alexander， king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered， whenever Greek culture was found.

⑤ Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.， the Romans conquered Greece.

三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop？ 答：

(1)、Three founders

1、Pythagoras① All things were numbers. ② Scientific mathematics. ③ Theory of proportion.比例的理论

2、Heracleitue① Fire is the primary(主要的) elements of the universe.火是万物之源

② The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一

3、Democritus① the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者 ② materialism.唯物主义 (2)、Three thinkers

1、Socrates①He hadn‘t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues. ②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.

2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world， it was established by Plato.

②He has four works. Dialogues， Apology， Symposium and Republic. 3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world， it was established by Aristotle. ②Aristotle is a humanist. (2)、Five contending schools 1、The Sophists诡辩派

①Under the leadership of Protagoras.

②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论

③His doctrine教义 is “man is the measure of all things”。人是衡量一切的标准

2、The Cynics犬儒派

①Under the leadership of Diogenes.

②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.

③He proclaimed宣扬 his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.权利 3、The Sceptics置疑学派

①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.

②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable可获得的， and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true. 4、The Epicureans享乐派

①Under the leadership of Epicurus. 选择：根据领导者的名字直接命名 ②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual肉欲 enjoyment.享乐

Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.通过实行道德获得 Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.原子

5、The Stoics斯多哥派

①Under the leadership of Zeno.

②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.

One should endure忍受 hardship艰难 and misfortune不幸 with courage.勇气

Developed into Stoics‘ duty. He was also a materialist.

四、What philosophy system did Plato established？

(Why do we say Plato‘s philosophy system was idealistic？ Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive综合的 system of philosophy？ ) 答：