out.

7 When she walked into the restaurant she was wearing an absolutely stunning diamond necklace. 8 The President is likely to propose a stimulus plan that he believes will help revive the US economy. 5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the following words. 1 I had a period of time as a volunteer before getting a job in the jewellery trade. (stint) 2 You shouldn‘t just throw that rubbish into the river! (chuck)

3 It‘s sheer stupid and careless behaviour to go on using up the earth‘s resources as we are doing. (negligence)

4 I looked carefully at the horizon, but couldn‘t see anyone coming towards me. (scoured) 5 I think the accident was due to the driver‘s lack of care. (folly)

6 The removal of minerals from the earth is usually an expensive and dangerous task. (extraction) 7 The red kite is one of the most rarely seen birds in the country. (elusive) 6 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If someone sidles up to you, are they moving (a) quickly and determinedly, or (b) slowly and casually?

2 Is a hard and fast rule (a) fixed, or (b) open to interpretation?

3 If someone has good eco-credentials, do they (a) care for the environment, or (b) show no interest in it?

4 If something has a murky reputation, is it (a) possibly dishonest or morally wrong, or (b) precious and highly respected?

5 If you play into the hands of someone, do you (a) approve of it, or (b) give them an advantage? 6 If you condone someone‘s behaviour, do you (a) approve of it, or (b) disapprove of it?

7 If you pounce onto something, do you make a (a) quick movement to get hold of it, or (b) slow movement to get hold of it?

Reading and interpreting

7 Check (?) the writer’s main purpose in writing the passage. To paint a portrait of a woman with unusual passion.

(The writer does have this purpose to show Cowen‘s strong interest.) To describe the process of making jewellery from sea glass.

(This is one purpose although there are not many details about this.) To make people think about the importance of recycling. (Yes, this is a strong point in the passage.) √ A mixture of all three.

(Yes, the writer seems to have all the above three purposes here.) 8 Find the quotations in the passage which illustrate the ideas: 1 why sea glass is special

―It has the ability to transform magically from something ordinary to luminous treasure after a stint in the sea.‖

2 why colour is important

―The colour gives you a hint of age.‖

3 how a thoughtless act can have a happy ending

―The creation of sea glass is a form of recycling, but more than that, it is an example of nature compensating for man‘s folly.‖

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4 what will happen to sea glass

―Sea glass will eventually run our – one day, it will be rarer than diamonds.‖ 5 the mysterious appeal of sea glass

―You can imagine what object it might have been, where it traveled and how old it is.‖ 6 how almost anything can be made into jewellery

―People will find creative ways of working with whatever is available.‖

Language in use word formation: -y

1 Write the adjectives which describe: 1 a jacket with a flower design (flowery) 2 a label that sticks onto something (sticky) 3 a suit which has rather a high price (pricy) 4 hair which shines (shiny)

5 someone who makes a lot of fuss (fussy)

6 a personality which makes you think of sun (sunny) word formation: over –

2 Replace the underlined words with verbs beginning with over- . You may need to make other changes. 1 I think you have made too big an estimate for the cost of the wedding. (overestimated) 2 They charged me too much money for that ring! (overcharged)

3 I slept too much last night and missed the flight to London. (overslept) 4 The flowers in her garden had grown everywhere. (overgrown)

5 It‘s difficult to emphasize too greatly the importance of the fashion industry. (overemphasize) 6 I‘ve got indigestion. I‘ve eaten too much. (overeaten) see

3 Rewrite the sentences using see . 1 In 1987 there was a major stock market crash. 1987 saw a major stock market crash.

2 The early 1980s was a period of steady economic growth. The early 1980s saw a period of steady economic growth. 3 Long hair made a brief return in the 1990s. The 1990s saw a brief return to long hair.

4 On the first day of the sales there were hundreds of people queuing in the streets. The first day of the sales saw hundreds of people queuing in the streets.

5 There was great technological change during our grandparents‘ generation. Our grandparents‘ generation saw a great technological change. turn out to be

4 Rewrite the sentences using turn out to be . 1 I thought the ring was made of gold, but in the end it proved to be silver. I thought the ring was made of gold, but it turned out to be silver.

2 She looked like my cousin, but she was actually a complete stranger. She looked like my cousin, but she turned out to be a complete stranger.

3 The house needed a lot of work doing on it, but it proved to be a good investment.

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The house needed a lot of work doing on it, but it turned out to be a good investment. 4 I saw smoke rising from the building, but it was a false alarm.

I saw smoke rising from the building, but it turned out to be a false alarm.

5 I didn‘t want to move to England, but in the end it proved to be a wise decision. I didn‘t want to move to England, but it turned out to be a wise decision.

collocations

5 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions. 1 hint A hint can be something you say to show your feelings without saying directly what they are, a small amount of something, or a piece of advice.

(a) If someone has a hint of a smile on their face, what do you see? You see just a small sign of a smile but not a proper smile.

(b) What helpful hints would you give someone starting their own business?

I‘d suggest that they need to have a clear focus on what the business is about and exactly how it will work, eg the person should identify a niche in the market that the new business can fill.

(c) If you drop a hint about what you would like for your birthday, do you ask for it directly? No, of course not! You just find a way to join in with a normal conversation and say something about what you would like.

2 range This word can mean a number of things of the same general type, the distance or limits of something, or to move freely.

(a) What can you find in a shop which stocks a wide range of products? You can find products of all kinds, a good variety of them.

(b) What would be the best thing to do if you were within range of someone with a gun? Run quickly away out of range if there is time; if not, take shelter. (c) Which is the biggest mountain range in China?

Well, the Himalayas are the highest, but the Tian Shan or Kunlun mountain ranges are longer. (d) What have hens which lay free-range eggs been able to do?

They have been able to run and walk around freely, compared to hens which are kept in small cages or containers.

3 reflect This word can mean to be a sign of a situation, or to think carefully about something. (a) Whose image is reflected if you look in a mirror?

Your own image is reflected back to you when you look in a mirror.

(b) Do you believe that the state of the economy can be reflected in the height of hemlines? I wouldn‘t have believed it before I read the passage, but I believe it now! (c) Do you ever reflect on the mistakes you make in English?

Yes, I do try to reflect on them because I know such reflection is a good way to improve my English. 4 rise This word can mean an increase in number, amount or value, or the achievement of success or power.

(a) Why was there a sharp rise in unemployment in the West in the 1930s?

The sharp rise in unemployment was due to the stock market crash and the financial crisis. (b) What do you know about the rise and fall of the Roman Empire?

I know that over several hundred years the Roman Empire expanded, but after a time it then

declined over a long period. There‘s a famous book called The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire. (c) Do you live in a high-rise block of flats?

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I know that a lot of people in cities in China do live in large apartment blocks which have many floors, maybe 15 or 20 or more, but I live in a flat in a much smaller house of just three floors. (d) What are the different factors which give rise to new fashions?

Fashion designers produce innovations and new styles. There are changes in the economic situation so that people may spend more or less on clothes; also new materials and colours become available, and people get different ideas about what to wear when they travel to other places or watch films and TV.

6 Translate the paragraph into Chinese.

Sometimes the hemline indicator, as it‘s called, can even precede and predict a change in the mood of the stock market long before it actually happens. In September 2007, at the New York fashion shows, which were displaying their styles for spring 2008, the trend was for much longer dresses and skirts, many to mid-calf or even down to the ankles. Some people felt this showed that the hemline indicator was no longer reliable, and that designers no longer dictated what people would wear. During the London and New York fashion shows in September 2008, hemlines continued to drop. But sure

enough, in the fall of 2008, the stock market indexes fell dramatically when the banking crisis hit the US, Europe and then the rest of the world. Hemlines were no longer following the stock market – they were showing the way and indicating future economic trends. 有时候，所谓的裙摆指标甚至能事先早早就预告股市的变化。2007年9月，纽约时装展展示了2008年春季流行风格，潮流转向了长衣、长裙，许多裙摆降至小腿中线，甚至到了脚踝。有人觉得，这表明裙摆指标靠不住了，或者服装设计师不再左右着装的趋势了。在2008年9月的伦敦和纽约时装展中，裙摆继续下降。果然，2008年秋天金融危机袭击美欧，波及全球，股指急跌。此时，裙摆不再被动追随股市升跌，而是引领潮流，预示未来的经济趋势了。（? 第一句原文复杂，但译成中文较简单。最后一句译文加词，加上―被动‖可起强调作用，让本句的意思更明确。） 7 Translate the paragraphs into English.

一个人的穿着似乎能影响他的行为方式。譬如，在校内要穿校服是中小学生所必须严格遵守的规矩之一。倘若在学生着装整齐划一和行为的统一规范之间不存在一种象征性关联的话，校服便不可能如此盛行。

然而，多年的学校生活让学生在内心里对随处可见的校服产生了抵触情绪，校服毕竟压制了个性的表达。为了弥补这种损失，学生常常会在周末穿流行的休闲装。直到上了大学，他们才会享受真正的着装自由，而服装上的无序与大学培养创造力、鼓励自由表达思想及展露才华密切相关。可惜这样的好景不会太长，经过一段相对短暂的自由之后，他们在毕业工作之后将再次经历着装规范的压力。(hard and fast; there is no doubt that; currency; correlation; backlash; ubiquitous; compensate for;anarchy; obtain; revive)

Translation of the passages Active reading (1) 时装潮流50年

1960 至2010 年间的时装史存在着两个不可忽略或不可低估的不变因素：一是无处不在的牛仔裤，二是女装裙摆的升降。

牛仔裤是用粗斜纹布做的，早在16 世纪末法国就有了这种布料。直到19 世纪中叶，李维·施 特劳斯发现在加州淘金热中劳动的矿工很需要用这种耐用布料做成的牛仔裤，他还用铆钉来加固裤子。直到1950 年代，蓝色粗斜纹布做的牛仔裤一直只是流行的工装，但是后来牛仔裤变成了青春、新思想、反叛及个性的标志。1950 年代末，李维·施特劳斯公司开始向欧亚出口蓝色

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