He took (a) ten days’ holiday [vacation]. 他请假 10 天。

The boys are going to Beijing during the summer holidays [vacation]. 男孩子们打算暑假去北京。

但是，无论在英国英语中还是美国英语中，表示因宗教节日或国家喜庆日而设立的法定“假日”都用 holiday。如：

Friday is a holiday in Muslim countries. 在穆斯林国家星期五是假日。 New Year’s Day is a holiday for everyone. 元旦是所有人的节(假)日。

另外，无论在英国英语还是在美国英语中，大学的假期，都用vacation。如： The library is closed during the college vacation. 大学放假期间图书馆不开放。 两者都可与介词 on 连用构成习语。如： He is on holiday [vacation]. 他在度假。

She has gone to Paris on holiday [vacation]. 她去巴黎度假了。 该习语通常不用冠词，但有时可用物主代词。如：

We’re touring Italy on our holiday [vacation]. 我们正在意大利观光度假。

注：three holidays 是“三个假期”,不是“三天假期”。表示后者可以用：a holiday of three days / three days’ holiday / a three-day holiday。

2. leave 表示“休假”、“假期”(不可数)，主要指雇员因有某种理由而获准的休假。如：

He’s taken unpaid leave for a month. 他请了一个月的停薪假。

She has been given sick (compassionate, maternity) leave. 她获准休病假(事假，产假)。

leave 还通常指军队、政府、机关等的休假。

His annual leave is thirty working days. 他每年的休假是 30 个工作日。 He gets home leave every two years. 他每两年有一次探亲假。 注意以下常用习语或有用搭配：

sick leave 病假 on leave 休假 leave of absence 请假 ask for leave 请假 take four months’leave 请 4 个月的假 1.Christmas is a ____ for everybody.

2.The children will take their summer __ in half a month. 3.My father is on _____. 25. close/ shut off/ turn off

turn off 关(自来水、电灯、收音机等) Please turn off the light.请把灯关了. shut off 切断,中断（供水、供气）

The electricity shuts off at midnight.半夜电停了

shut off the hot water by closing a valve.关上阀门从而阻断了热水

close和shut这两个词的共同意思是“关闭”。其细微区别在于:

1.close指把门等关到让人不能出入的程度,只表示关上; 而shut指关严并紧紧闩住,强调与外界隔绝。例如:

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He did not close the door when he left the room.他离开房间时没有关门。 Shut the door so that the cat won't get out.把门关严,别让猫跑出去。 The store closes at 9 p.m. every day.这家商店晚9点关门。

The police shut the murderer up in a cell.警方把杀人犯关进牢房。 2.表示“暂不开放”用close,表示“永不开放”用shut。例如:

The swimming pool has closed for the winter.游泳场冬天不开放。 The hotel is shut.这家旅馆不再开业了。 turn off关掉，关闭；拐弯，使转变方向 shut down停工，停产，关闭

它们都有“关闭”的意思，但是turn off一般是指关闭电器、仪器 shut down是指“关闭”公司、工厂

1.You?d better ____the motor. It is making too much noise. 2.All the shops are ____ now.

3.She didn?t __ the door and entered the house.

4.He ____ the lights before he left the lab. 5._____ the television, please. 26. instead/ instead of/ without

without[ wiT5aut ]prep.没有,不,(表条件)如果没有,要没有adv.在外,在屋外, 后通常跟的是单词

instead of adv.代替,而不是...,而instead of 后通常跟动词短语 或句子

一.instead意为“代替”“替代”,作副词用,通常位于句尾.如位于句首时常用逗号与后面阁开.instead 在顺接句子中作“代替”讲,而在转折（或逆转）句子中作“然而”讲. 例如：1.Lily isn't here.Ask Lucy instead.

Lily不在这儿,去问Lucy吧.[注意]当instead在祈使句中时,只能位于句末. 2.she didn't answer me,instead,she asked me another question. 她没有回答我,反而问了我另外一个问题.

二.instead of是介宾短语,其意与instead相同,不同之处在于它后面常接宾语,起宾语多由名词、代词、介词、短语、动词 + ing 形式充当.

例如：1.We'll ask Li Mei instead of Mary.我们将去问李梅而不问玛丽. 2.I'll go instead of her.我会替她去.

三.instead 与instead of的转换.

例如:1.He didn't answer me,instead,he asked me another

question → He asked me another question instead of answering me. 2.I'll of instead of her.→She won't go.I'll go instead 1.I don?t like this one; please give me that____.

2.He stayed at home studying English ___ going to the cinema. 3.Tom passed by me ___ saying hello to me. 4.He went to school by bike ____ by car.

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5.If Harry is not well enough to go with you, take me _____.

27. many/ much / lots of / a lot ( of ) a lot后面什么也不接.

a lot of与lots of用法类似,一般不会考的.后面接可数名词复数/不可数名词.要注意的是:plenty of 后接不可数名词.前面一定不能加a. many 接可数名词 much 接不可数名词

1.____ of the visitors are workers. 2.Has Jack ____ money?

3.During those three weeks, he ate ____ meat.

4.I did not understand why you had so _____ strange questions. 5.Although he is a boy, he reads _____. 28 above all / after all / first of all / at all in all 总计,总共

after all 毕竟；终究 above all 最重要的

at all 单独列出来,是没有这样用的.一般是：否定+ at all,表示根本,丝毫.如：She doesn't care at all.她根本不在乎.或者是not at all 根本不 above all；after all；first of all；in all用法辨析：

①above all意为“最重要的是；尤其是”,强调要引起特别注意.如：

We must work,and above all we must believe in ourselves. 我们必须工作,尤其重要的是我们必须树立信心. ②after all意为“毕竟；终究；到底”,表示让步.如：

He is certain to come.After all,he's already accepted the invitation. 他肯定来,他毕竟已接受了邀请.

③ first of all意为“首先”,强调次序.如：

First of all,let me introduce myself to you.首先,让我作个自我介绍. ④in all意为“总共；总计”.如：

There are thirty in all in the party who will travel to Lanzhou.赴兰州的旅游团总共有30人. 1.Never waste anything, but ___ never waste time. 2._____, let me introduce myself to you. 3.What are you doing here ___ at all?

4.He is still a child ____. Don?t blame him. 5.I don?t know him _____. 29. passed/ past

past 的过去式和过去分词都是原形past，past意思： n.过去, 往时 adj.过去的, 结束的 prep.越过, 晚于

passed是pass的过去式和过去分词，pass有“”passed还可以单独做形容词，“已经通过

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的, 已被传递的”。pass，既可以作为动词使用又可以作为名词使用，作为动词，有及物与不及物之分，为“经过、通过”之意，作为名词是“穿过”的意思。 1.They hurried ____ the building.

2.Tom _____ by me without greeting just now.

3.The train for the small town leaves at ten __ eight. 4.Two weeks had ____ since Martin had seen him. 5.In the ____ I have had many jobs. 30. agree to / agree with / agree on

agree是一个使用范围很广的单词,意为“同意；赞同”.它有很多相关词组,现在把其主要用法归纳如下：

1.agree (to sth) 意为“同意；愿意；答应（某事物）”.如：Is he going to agree to our suggestion?他会同意我们的建议吗?

2.agree with sb 意为“适合（某人的健康或胃口）”,尤用于否定句或疑问句中.如：The climate there doesn\\'t agree with him.那里的气候对他不合适.

3.agree (with sb) (about / on sth) 意为“同意；（与某人）意见一致”.如：We couldn\\'t agree on a date/ when to meet.关于日期（什么时候见面）,我们没有能取得一致意见.

4.agree sth意为“在某事物上取得一致意见；商定”.如：Can we agree a price?我们能不能商定一个价格?

5.agree (with sth) 意为“与（某事物）相一致；相符合；相吻合”.如：Your thoughts didn\\'t agree with mine.你的想法和我的想法不一致.

6.be agreed（on /about sth）意为“达成协议；意见一致”.如：We are all agreed on the best action.我们都同意这一最佳措施.

7.agree后面还可以接宾语从句,即be agreed that ...如：It was agreed that another meeting was necessary.大家都认为有必要再开一次会. 1.I ____ what he said.

2.All those who _____ the plan, raise your hands. 3.We _____ leaving there the next day. 4.Finally he _____ get someone to help me. 5.The food doesn?t _____ him. 31. build/ found/ set up/ put up

buid是建筑，或者建起抽象的东西（房屋，习惯等） set up 主要是建立组织 found和establish 是建立层面较大的机构。 区别主要是这个。 found：v.[T]

build/ found/ put up/ set up

Ⅰ. build “建筑、建造”指施工建筑，如房屋、桥梁、道路等的建造，也可用于广义。如： We are building socialism with China’s style. 我们正在建设具有中国特色的社会主义。

Ⅱ. found “创立、成立、创办”批创立一个组织、机构、国家等。如： ① They founded(=built) a school for the blind. 他们创办了一亿盲人学校。

② The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 中华人民共和国成立于是1949年。 Ⅲ. put up 和set up 人含义很多，但他们在表示“搭起、竖起、挂起”以及表建筑物“建起”

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