proof.

? Values are enduring attitudes about the preferability of one belief over another.

? Cultural pattern taxonomies are used to illustrate the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.

? Dominant American cultural patterns include individualism, equal opportunity, material acquisition, science and technology, progress and change, work and play, and competitive nature.

? A prominent taxonomy of diverse culture patterns that explains both perceptual and communication differences is Hofstede’s Values Dimension, which includes (1) individualism and collectivism, (2) uncertainty avoidance, (3) power distance, (4) masculinity and femininity, and (5) long-term and short-term orientation.

? The Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck Value Orientation taxonomy includes (1) human nature, (2) the perception of nature, (3) time, (4) activity, and (5) relationships.

? In Hall’s Context Orientation, high context and low context describe the degree to which individuals rely on internalized information.

? For Ting-Toomey, face and facework take different forms and are valued differently across cultures. Face is a function of group affiliation in collectivistic cultures and is self-derived in individualistic cultures. In conflict situations, collectivistic cultures focus on other-face and mutual face, while individualistic cultures focus on self-face.

Chapter 6(不考)

? Language allows us to exchange abstract ideas, which sets us apart from other animal species.

? Language is an integral part of identity.

? Based on the language they use, people can be categorized into groups such as age, gender, and socio-income level.

? The use of a common language enables people to organize into groups and perform collective activities.

? Language is a set of shared symbols that people use to create meaning; the relationship between the sign and the meaning is often arbitrary.

? There are usually variations within language groups, such as accents, dialects, argot, and slang.

? Corporate brands and logos are often understood across cultures irrespective of language.

? Culture and language form a symbiotic relationship because without one, the other could not exist.

? Cultural values, or dimensions, can be reflected in the language used by a

culture.

? In any intercultural communication interaction, it is probable that someone will be using a second language.

? Using a second language can be both physically and cognitively demanding.

? When speaking to someone who is using a second language, you should be mindful, monitor your speech rate, vocabulary, and nonverbal feedback, and check to ensure that the other person understands your message.

? Interpreters work with spoken or signed language; translators work with written messages.

? Consecutive translation is when you stop every minute or so to allow the translator to relay your message in the other language.Simultaneous translation occurs while the speaker talks in the original language.

? In a cross-cultural marriage, language plays a key role in communication and can also influence identity and power relationships.

? “One parent, one language” is an approach in which each parent uses a different language to interact with his or her children. The children grow up bilingual.

? English is the most common language used on the Internet at this time. However, the increasing number of Chinese users could alter this in the future. ? Some scholars have predicted an oligarchy of major world languages—Chinese, Spanish, English, Arabic, and Russian—in the future.Using computer-mediated communication (CMC) can affect the interaction between members of high-context cultures.One way of enhancing your intercultural communication competency is to learn another language.

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? Nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercultural communication because people make judgments about others based on their nonverbal behavior, use nonverbal messages to create impressions, and use non-verbals to manage interaction.

? Nonverbal communication is culture-bound.

? Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication set-ting that (1) are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and (2) have potential message value for the source or receiver. ? Nonverbal messages may be intentional or unintentional.

? Nonverbal communication has five basic functions: to repeat, to complement, to substitute for a verbal action, to regulate, and to contradict a communication event.

? Nonverbal actions seldom occur in isolation.

? Nonverbal communication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation, and both involve shared understandings.

? Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture’s underlying attitudes and values.

? Studying nonverbal behavior can assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism.

? The body is a major source of nonverbal messages. These messages are communicated by means of general appearance, skin color, attire, body movements (kinesics), posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, and paralanguage.

? Cultures differ in their perception and use of personal space, seating, and furniture arrangement.

? We can understand a culture’s sense of time by learning about how members of that culture view informal time and the past, present, and future, and whether or not their orientation toward time is monochronic or polychronic ? The use of silence varies from culture to culture

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? The communication context is the cultural environment in which communication occurs.

? Culturally diverse rules specify how communication is to take place by prescribing the appropriate behaviors for given contexts.

? Rules concerning informality, formality, assertiveness, interpersonal harmony, and social status can be found in every communication setting. ? Intercultural communication takes place both in international and domestic business settings.

? In the cross-cultural business setting, protocol influences how contacts are made, greeting behavior, personal appearance, gift giving, and conversational taboos.

? Management styles differ across cultures. These styles influence leadership and decision making.

? Negotiation styles differ across cultures. These differences are revealed in how cultures view the process of negotiations, the selection of negotiators, business ethics, and participation practices.

? Intercultural conflict is part of many intercultural business contacts.

? In North America, strategies for managing conflict include avoidance, accommodation, competition, compromise, and collaboration. These strategies are often different from the methods of managing conflict found in other cultures.

? Conflict can frequently be reduced by identifying the cause, keeping an open mind, slowing down, and focusing on ideas rather than people.

? Rapidly increasing cultural diversity in the U.S. business community will require greater intercultural understanding and skills.

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? Systems of formal and informal education seek to meet the perceived needs of societies.

? Schools are a primary means by which a culture’s history and traditions are passed from generation to generation.

? Schools teach the informal knowledge of a culture.

? Schools are a primary vehicle for teaching cultural values.

? Schools in the United States are becoming increasingly diverse.

? Schools no longer teach only Eurocentric cultural values; instead, today schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many cultures.

? Learning preferences are particular ways in which individuals receive or process information.

? Cognitive, communication, relational, and motivational learning preferences have a profound impact on classroom learning.

? Students who are limited in their English proficiency face various obstacles in the classroom.

? Teachers should be aware of what they bring to the classroom in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, and biases.

? Assessing the acculturation levels of the students in the classroom will help teachers determine how much their students are involved in their own culture as well as the Anglo-American culture.

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? Culture and language diversity can cause problems in health care communication.

? Cultures differ in the ways they explain, treat, and prevent illness. ?Health belief systems can be divided into three categories—supernatural/magico-religious,holistic,and scientii c/biomedical—each with their own set of underlying premises.

? Cultural diversity leads to differences in beliefs about the causes of illness. ? Because of cultural diversity, people hold varying beliefs about how to treat illness.

? The ways in which people try to prevent illness are culturally diverse. ? Health care practices must accommodate a culturally diverse population. ? It is necessary for health care providers in a multicultural environment to become interculturally competent.

? Intercultural competence requires that health care workers know not only