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Suffix: Meaning: Stem type: Examples:
Prefix: Meaning: Stem type: Examples:
VI. Answer the following question:
What is an inflectional morpheme? Locate the inflectional morpheme in each of the following sentences and point out its grammatical meaning.
Mr. Smith lives in the Big Apple. The film’s already started.
We are preparing for an important test.
Chapter 4：Syntax
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.
2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.
3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.
4. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
5. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
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6. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
7. A sentence can’t have more than one deep structure.
8. The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.
9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.
10. A noun phrase contains a noun, while other elements are optional.
11. Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical categories, commonly known as parts of speech.
12. Chomsky made a distinction between two levels of structures: surface and deep
structures.
13. Transformational-generative grammar was first suggested by Noam Chomsky.
II. Diagram the constituent structure of the following sentence and name the different constituents. ( IC analysis)
The passenger train from Chicago will arrive in Atlanta after midnight.
Chapter 5 Semantics
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.
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5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or
reduce meaning to observable contexts.
6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.
7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
9. The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.
2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.
3. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
4. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.
5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.
6. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.
7. What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to is the r__________ meaning of a word.
8. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.
9. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
10. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
11. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.
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III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. The naming theory is advanced by ________. A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth
2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.
A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D. behaviourism 3. Which of the following is not true?
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 4. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “ You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with
C. entails D. presupposes
5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis 6. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. complementary antonyms D. none of the above
7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense
8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy
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