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12. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.

A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents

C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features collection of distinctive phonetic features.

13. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a A. phone B. sound

C. allophone D. phoneme

14．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic

environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones

15. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.

A. back B. central C. front D. middle

16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( C )

A. stops B. fricatives C. affricates D. plosives

IV. Answer the following question: 1. How are the English consonants classified?

2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.

Chapter 3：Morphology

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.

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3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.

4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.

5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.

6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.

7. Almost every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes. 8. The allomorph is an abstract unit.

9. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.

10. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.

11. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.

12. Phonetically, the stress of a compound often falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.

13. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.

14. The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.

II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. R is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. 2. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

3. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.

5. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.

6. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.

7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and

“fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.

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III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can

best complete the statement:

1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.

A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme

2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.

A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components

B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase. D. None of the above.

3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.

A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root 4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?

A. Rainbow B. Milkshake C. Icy-cold D. Unpleasant

5. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.

A. the first element B. the second element

C. either the first or the second elem D. both the first and the second elements.

6. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.

A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words D. Words

7. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme 8. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.

A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic 9. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.

A. have to be used independently

B. can not be combined with other morphemes C. can either be free or bound

D. have to be combined with other morphemes.

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10. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.

A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes

11. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.

A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences 12. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.

A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root

13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”? A. Nouns B. Adjectives C. Conjunctions D. Adverbs 14. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme. A. free B. bound C. root D. inflectional

15. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”, “aspect”, “degree” and so forth are called morphemes. A. inflectional B. bound C. free D. derivational

16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes. A. four B. three C. two D. five 17. Which of the following affix differs from others? A. –ly B. –ness C. –ing D. –ful

IV. Derive the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a \between each morphemes and the next:

a. rewrite b. broaden

c. predigesting d. forefathers

V. Think of a morpheme suffix and a morpheme prefix, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.

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