2008年中考英语热点专题复习系列七
句 子
一、中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面: 1、掌握陈述句、祈使句的构成形式及基本用法;
2、掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法; 3、掌握由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别;
4、掌握状语从句、宾语从句的构成形式、基本用法及意义,对从句的要求如下: (1)掌握时间和条件状语从句中的时态与主句时态的搭配 (2)掌握宾语从句的语序及其时态与主句时态的呼应 5、了解定语从句的构成基本形式及基本用法 二、句子考查点分项说明:
1、掌握陈述句、祈使句的构成形式及基本用法 一、陈述句:
陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。通常用降调,句末用句号“.”。
Tom has a new car.汤姆有辆新车。 The flower isn’t beautiful.这花不美。 二、陈述句否定式的构成
1. 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。
He is playing the guitar.他正在弹吉他。(肯定) He is not playing the guitar.他不在弹吉他。(否定)
We can get there before dark.天黑前我们能够到达那里。(肯定) We can’t get thee before dark.天黑前我们不能到达那里。(否定)
2. 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don’t, doesn’t或didn’t。同时把该实义动词变为原形。 He plays the violin well.他小提琴拉的很好。(肯定) He doesn’t play the violin well.他小提琴拉的不好。(否定) She won the game.她赢得了比赛。(肯定) She didn’t win the game.她没赢比赛。(否定) 三、祈使句:
祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号“!”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。 1. 肯定的祈使句:
(1)祈使句主语是you时,you常省略,但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。 Be quiet.请安静。
You be quiet! 你给我安静点! (2)“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求,do起强调作用。 Do come back at once! 务必立即返回! Do be careful.务必小心。
(3)please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气,但please用在句末时,必须用逗号与其余部分分开。
Open the window, please.请打开窗户。
(4)Let引导祈使句时,后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语,人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。 Let Jack wait a minute.让杰克等一会。
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Let’s go to school.我们上学去吧。
(5)在祈使句中,Let’s和 Let us是有区别的。Let’s包括说话者,而Let us不包括说话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。
Let’s go skating, shall we? 咱们去溜冰吧,好吗?(表示内部的建议)
Let us try again, will you? 让我们再试一次,好吗?(表示向别人发出请求)
2、掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法 一、一般疑问句:
(1)一般疑问句的肯定形式
一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have(有)开始,通常要求以yes,或no来回答的疑问句,一般疑问句读时通常用升调。 Do you know Mr. Smith? 你认识史密斯先生吗? Can you swim? 你会游泳吗? (2)一般疑问句的否定结构
① 在一般疑问句的否定结构中,把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-n’t,则须将-n’t与一般疑问句句首的be, have,助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中,一般都采用简略式。
② 与汉语不同的是,英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定,全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的,则用yes加肯定结构;若答语是否定的,则用no加否定结构。 Aren’t you a football fan? 你不是足球迷吗? Yes, I am. 是的,我是。 No, I am not. 不,我不是。
Won’t she like it? 她会不喜欢吗?
Yes, she will. 是的,她会(喜欢)的。 No, she won’t. 不,她不会(喜欢)的。 二、特殊疑问句
用疑问代词疑问形容词或疑问副词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答,读时用降调。 注意 常见的疑问代词有what, which, who, whom, whose 常见的疑问形容词有what, which, whose 常见的疑问副词有when, where, why, how 常用的特殊疑问句 询问内容 疑问词或句型 例 句 回 答 职业,身份 what What is your father? He is a doctor. He is Jack. 姓名或关系 who Who is that boy? He is my brother What is she like? 相貌特征 what?like? She is beautiful. What does she look like? What did they come here To attend a 目的 what?for? for? meeting. Because they 原因 why Why did they come here? have a meeting to
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attend. 天气 how what?like? How is the weather today? What is the weather like It’s fine. today? What dolor is her skirt? It’s red. What size does he wear? He wars 40. What time is it? It’s 7:30. What day is today? It’s Tuesday. What is the date today? It’s May 2. How old is he? He is 38. How long have you been For five months. here? How long is the bridge? It’s 500 metres. How far is it from here to the It’s 6 kilometres.
zoo? How often do you come Once a week. back? How soon will she arrive? In an week. 颜色 what color?? 服装尺寸 what size 几点钟 what time 星期几 what day 几号,日期 what is the date?? 年龄(多大) how old 持续多长时how long 间(多久) 长度(多长) how long 距离(多远) how far 频度 how often (多经常) 时间经过 how soon (多快) How many jackets do you how many(可数名词) 数量 have? Three. how much(不可数名(多少) How much coffee do you Two cups. 词) want? How much is it? 价格 how much Five dollars. How much does it cost? How tall is she? She’s 1.73 高度 how tall(人,树) How high is the tower? metres. (多高) how high(山,建筑物) It’s 450 metres. 3. 选择疑问句: 选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接,or前面的部分读升调,or后面的部分读降调。 选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而必须具体的选择答复。 Is your bag yellow or black? It’s black.。
Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.。
Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better. 4. 反意疑问句:
反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句,问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。
(1)肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句,否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。 I am your teacher, aren’t I? 我是你的老师,对吗? He didn’t study hard, did he? 他学习不努力,对吗? (2)如果陈述句中含有否定副词never(从不,决不),hardly(几乎不)或其他表示否定代词或形容词,如nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little等,则附加问句只能用肯定式。如: They hardly write to each other, do they? 他们几乎不给对方写信,是吗? He has found nothing, has he? 他什么也没有找到,是吗?
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Few people knew the secret, did they? 很少有人知道这个秘密,是吗?
(3)当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时,英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况,若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”,答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”,而译成汉语时,则必须把yes译“不是”,把no译成“是的”。 You won’t be away for long, will you?你不会离开太久,是吗?
Yes, I will.不,我会离开很久。 No, I won’t.是的,我不会离开很久。 I don’t think she’ll come by bike, will she?我认为她不会骑自行车,会吗?
Yes, she will.不,她会骑自行车来。 No, she won’t.是的,她不会骑自行车来。 3、掌握由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别
感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“!”,读时用降调,感叹句往往由what或how引导,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词。 1. what引导的感叹句:
(1)what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语) What a beautiful city it is!多么美丽的一个城市啊!
What an interesting story she told!她讲了一个多么有趣的故事啊! (2)what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语) What expensive watches they are!多贵的手表啊! What terrible weather it is!多么恶劣的天气啊! 2.How引导的感叹句:
(1)How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语) How cold it is! 多冷啊!
How hard he works! 他工作多么努力啊! (2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How he loves his son! 他多么爱他的儿子啊! How I miss you! 我多想你啊!
(3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语) How tall a tree it is! 多么高的一棵树啊! How they cried! 他们哭得多伤心啊! 二、按要求转变句型
1. Lucy has finished the work.(改为一般疑问句) 2. She used to wear white skirt.(改为否定句) 3 I think Jack is a good student.(改为否定句)
4. There is something wrong with my watch.(改为否定句) 5. The tree is very tall.(改为感叹句,How~) 6. The cock gets up very early.(改为感叹句) 7. He wish to be a teacher.(改为感叹句) 8. Come back at once.(改为否定句)
9. The boy doesn’t like dancing.(改为一般疑问句) 10. You mustn’t smoke in the classroom.(改为祈使句) 11. This is a very interesting story.(改为感叹句) 12. It’s very bad news.(改为感叹句)
13. Shall we go out for a walk?(改为祈使句) 14. She’s gone to Paris.(改为反意疑问句) 15. Rose seldom goes skating.(改为反意疑问句)
16. We don’t believe Jack has stolen your money.(改为反意疑问句) 17. There is nothing left.(改为反意疑问句) 18. I am dishonest.(改为反意疑问句)
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19. Be careful!(改为反意疑问句)
20. Let’s sing the English song.(改为反意疑问句) 四、巩固练习参考答案 一、单项选择
1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. C 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. D 二、按要求转化句型
1. Has Lucy finished the work?
2. She didn’t use to wear white skirt. 3. I don’t think Jack is a good student.
4. There is nothing wrong with my watch./There isn’t anything wrong with my watch. 5. How tall the tree is!
6. How early the cock gets up! 7. How he wish to be a teacher! 8. Don’t come back at once.
9. The boy doesn’t like dancing, does he? 10. Don’t smoke in the classroom. 11. What an interesting story this is! How interesting a story this is! 12. What bad news it is! 13. Let’s go out for a walk.
14. She’s gone to Paris, hasn’t she? 15. Rose seldom goes skating, does she?
16. We don’t believe Jack has stolen your money, has he? 17. There is nothing left, is there? 18. I am dishonest, aren’t I? 19. Be careful, will you?
20. Let’s sing the English song, shall we?
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