2）He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。
他让法官的确职责战胜父子的确私情，而判决他儿子有罪。
3）Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling ，but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer。
基辛格感到罗杰斯在挑刺儿。但是，律师事务所出身的尼克松支持他的同行的挑刺儿。 5.增加表示名词复数的词
汉语名词的复数没有词形变化，很多情况下不必表达出来。但要表达指多数人的名词时，可在该名词的后面加“们”字，如“the teachers”“教师们”，或在该名词前家上“诸位”、“各（位）”，如“ladies and gentlemen”诸位（各位）女士和先生“。此外，英语名词复数，汉译时还可以根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其它一些词来表达。这样做还可以提高修辞效果。
5.1 增加重叠词表示复数
1）Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
2) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico. 记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。
3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子都是他从来没有见过的。 5.2 增加数词或其它词表示复数
1) The lion is the king of animals. 狮是百兽之王。
2）The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。
3) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山已在山谷里开始蔚蓝色的长影。
4) Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial, expansion under the Tsars.
大部分是在历代沙皇统治下，通过殖民扩张而并入俄罗斯帝国的。 6. 增加表示时态的词
英语动词的时态靠动词词形变化（如write，wrote）或加助动词（如will write，have written）来表达的。汉语动词没有词形变化，表示时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一般表示时间的词。因此，翻译完成时往往用“曾”、“已经”、“过”、“了”；翻译进行时往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”；翻译将来时往往用“将”、“就”、“要”、“会”、“便”等等。除此之外，为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比，往往须加一些其他的词。
6.1 对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词。 1）I had known two great social systems. 那时以前，我就经历过过大社会制度。
2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 原来老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼， 所以孩子很爱他。
3) I had never thought I would be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.
以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确实如此。 4) Whereas Kissinger had once needed Nixon as a channel to power, Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power.
当年，基辛格需要尼克松的援引而获得权势；如今，尼克松需要基辛格帮他继续掌权。 6.2 强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词 1 )The old man said，“They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are。 老头儿说：“从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许和我们一样穷。“ 2 )I was and remain，grateful for the part he played in my release。 我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。 3）The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird。 该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。 7. 增加语气助词。
汉语中有许多语气助词，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“吗”、“啦”、“了”、“罢了”、“而已”等等。不同的语气助词可以发生不同的作用，英译汉时细心体会原文，增加一些汉语所特有的语气词，可以更好地表达愿作的意义和修辞色彩。 1）Don‘ t take it seriously. I‘m just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。
2) As for me, I didn‘t agree from the very beginning. 我呢，从一开始就不赞成。
3) They (the eyes) were the same color as the sea, cheerful and undefeated. 那双眼啊，像海水一样的颜色，愉快，毫不沮丧。
4 ) He described it (Latvia)---its forests, its little villages ,its people ,their fierce nationalism---with an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love one‘s motherland.
他描绘它（拉脱维亚 ）的风土人情——森林啦、小村庄啦、人民啦、人民的强烈民族主义啦等等，只有深深热爱祖国的人才能说得如此娓娓动听，滔滔不绝。
5) It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.
完全有可能眼下正在想办法使我获释，只不过需要时间而已。
8. 增加量词
8.1 英语中的数词（包括不定冠词a）与可数名词往往直接连用，他们之间没有量词，而汉语往往借助量词。因此翻译时应根据汉语表达习惯恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料上的名词量。如：
a bike 一辆自行车 a typewriter 一架打字机 a tractor 一台拖拉机 a mouth 一张嘴 a full moon 一轮满月 a bad dream 一场恶梦 1）A red sun rose slowly from the calm lake。 一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。
2）Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon。 一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。
3）A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river。
一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。 4）November26 ：“?Started trying to read a Russian story。Constant use of dictionary and many questions。”
十一月二十六日：“??开始试读一篇俄国短篇小说。词典不离手，问题一大堆。”
8.2 英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语动词时常需增加一些表示行为、动作量的动量词。如have a rest 休息一下；make a stop 停一下，等等。 1）Once, they have a quarrel。
有一次，他们争吵了一番。
2）Herb gave her a sly look。 赫伯狡猾地看了他一眼。
3）I was extremely worried about her，but this was neither place nor the time for a lecture or an argument。
我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。 9. 增加根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词
1）In April，there was the “ping”heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”。
四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去；到了七月美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。
这句如只译为“全四月里世界听到乒的一声；七月里，这乓声却乓了一下”，读者就不只所云。 2）Nixon learned that Ceausescu would welcome a presidential visit。 尼可松了解到，齐奥赛斯库欢迎美国总统访罗。 本句上文曾提到美国总统访问罗马尼亚。
3）Bundy was not considered to have signed on，and it was known that the President was wavering ，that Ball was making his stand。
一般认为，邦迪并没有同意轰炸，总统还在犹豫不决，而鲍尔已明确反对轰炸。
本句上文中提到的是“轰炸”问题，翻译时根据上下文，补充了“轰炸”和“反对轰炸”，意思就比较清楚。
10．增加概括词
英语和汉语都有概括词。英语中的in short, and so on, etc.等等，翻译时可以分别译为“总之”、“等等”??。当有时候英语句子中并没有概括词，而翻译时却往往可增加“两人”、“双方”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等等概括词，同时省略掉英语中的连接词。如： You and I 你我俩人
The Soviet Union, the United States, England and France 苏、美、英、法四国
militarily, politically and economically 军事、政治、经济等各方面
1) The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。
2）It is remarkably clear. It shows streets and factories and a winding river and docks and submarine pens.
它十分清晰，从中可以看出街道、工厂、一条蜿蜒的河流以及码头、潜艇修藏坞等。
3）The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。 B、根据句法上的需要(for purpose of syntax) 1. 增补原文回答句中的省略部分
1) Is this your book? Yes, it is.
这是你的书吗？是我的。
（Yes, it is = Yes, it is mine.） 2) Rebecca：“What! Don‘t you love him (Amelia‘s brother)?”
Amelia：“Yes, of course, I do.”
利蓓加：“怎么？你不爱他（爱米丽的哥哥）？”
爱米丽：“我当然爱他。”
（Yes, of course, I do = Yes, of course I love him.）
2. 增补原文句子中所省略的动词
3) Reading makes a full man; conference (…) a ready man; writing (…) an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。 4) An Eagle and a Fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the Eagle (…) at the
summit of a high tree, the Fox (…) in a hole at the foot of it. 一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好地住在一起，鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上，狐狸住在树下一个洞里。
5) We don‘t retreat, we never have (…) and never will (…). 我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。
6) ―No!‖ Jesse jumped up. ―No, I believed that too. But I don‘t (…) now. ‖
“不！”杰西跳起来了。“不，过去我也是相信的。可是现在，我不相信了。” 7) He remembered the incident, as had his wife (…). 他记得这件事，他的妻子早就记起了。
8) Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows (…) lower.
他总是喜欢夸大事实，高的说得更高，低的说得更低。
3. 增补原文比较句中的省略部分
1) The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. 仆人们愿意服侍她，就象他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。
原文全句应是The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were ready to serve their own mistress.
2) Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。
原文全句应是It is better to be wise by the defeat of others than to be wise by the defeat of your own.
3) I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more
inventive and fruitful than others.
我可以对你说-------我这样说没有任何奉承之意-------中国的合作方式比别国的合
作方式更有特色，更有成果。
原文全句应是I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than the way of co-operations of others. 4. 增补原文含蓄条件句中的省略部分
1) We didn‘t admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender
one of our hopes.
我们认为越狱不是不可能的。如果认为不可能，那就等于把我们仅存的一点希望也放弃了。
2) In agreeing to what was already the status quo, Khrushchev would have had far more to gain than lose.
假如赫鲁晓夫已同意维持现状，对他来说就会是得多失少。
3) At the time of Kennedy‘s assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would
have led either to greatness or to disaster.
肯尼迪遇刺时，基辛格认为，如果肯尼再任一届总统的话，大概不是立大功，就是