步走‖解，这里goosestepped into根据例句上下文引伸为―耀武扬威地夺取‖。
2) See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous ,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.
在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。
see-sawing是从see-saw（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作―玩跷跷板‖解，这里根据上下文引伸为―两种情况不断地交替出现‖。
2. 将词义作具体化的引伸
2.1 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。
1) As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the President's Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT.
在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时， 尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。
2) Vietnam was his entree to the new Administration, his third incarnation as foreign policy consultant.
越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。 2. 2 英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须作 具体化的引伸，否则就不够清楚。
1) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。
2) Jewish-owned shops were shut down.Swastikas replaced sixpointed stars. The walls
of anti-Semitism were closing in.
犹太人的铺子关闭了。卐字旗取代了六角星旗。反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天。 词义的褒贬
语言本身虽没有阶级性，但在具体使用时不可能不为一定的阶级服务。为了忠 实于原文的思想内容，翻译时必须正确理解原作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选 用适当的语言手段来加以表达。原文中有些词本身就表示褒贬意义，就应该把褒贬 意义相应地表达出来；但也有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的，译成汉语时就要根 据上下文恰如其分地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。
1. 英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来，如： 1) He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。（褒）
2) His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death . 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开的。（贬） 3) The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。（褒）
4) Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。（贬）
5) \ 她回忆说，―他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。‖（褒） 6) We were shocked by his coarse manners. 我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。（贬）
2. 英语中有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中 可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应的词来表达，如： 2.1 需要用褒义的词来表达
1) Once early in 1974,while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions.
一九七四年初，有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛杉机，途中请他谈
了他的希望和抱负。 2) \
proper academic credentials. \ 索南费尔特劝他\说，―共和党里我知道只有你一个人具有这适当的学术方 面的条件。‖基辛格免不了谦虚一番，说恐怕不大可能给他这样的职位吧。 3) The two politicians talked for no more than minutes, at a significant moment in their careers.
两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是在他们一生事业的重大时刻进 行的。
2.2 需要用贬义的词来表达
1) He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation.I believe the reputation was not deserved.
他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不 该有的。
2) Then, just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure my journey,the Russians arrested me as a \
后来，就在那些可能为我安排旅行的中国朋友刚刚到达的时侯，俄国人把 我当作―间谍‖而逮捕了我，并把我驱逐出境，取道波兰。 3) He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds. 他欺骗了我，是我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。
4) As a demanding boss,he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。 5) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it . 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。
第五讲 词法和句法的差异
一、教学目的：主要了解英汉句子构成的差异，学会基本的转换方法。 二、教学过程：
1. 词的搭配 ( matching of words)
（1） Cut wheat / cut cake/ cut finger-nails （2）炉子着得很旺
The fire is burning briskly in the stove. 她着凉了 She has caught cold. 你猜着了
? You have guessed right.
? 老李躺下就着了
? Lao Li fell asleep as soon as he lay down. ? 他走错了一着
? He has made a false move./ take a wrong step ? 这些孩子穿着整齐。
? These children are all neatly dressed. ? 这些措施都着眼于进一步解放生产力。
? All these measures are aimed to further emancipating the productive forces
? (3) Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer
? fuel up on: 加燃料于… 一些美国人越过国境线，只是为了吃些可口的墨西哥食物，
喝点美味的墨西哥啤酒。
2. 词在句子中的位置（Order of words in the sentence），以副词为例。
? (1) .The cruel murder of the patriots has understandably aroused worldwide indignation. ? 残酷杀害爱国志士激起了全世界人民的义愤，这是可以理解的。
? (2). He also concluded that insight into prehistoric cultures should ideally proceed from knowledge of living cultures.
? 他还得出这样的结论：要对史前各种文化有深刻的认识，应从了解现存的种种文化
着手，这是最理想的方法。 ? (3). A certain number of characteristic errors have been pointed out by linguists and can be usefully recalled at this point.
? 语言学家已指出一定数量的典型错误，如今回顾一下，不无裨益。 3. 句序（sentence order）
? (1)．汉语按照时间先后。
? I went out for a walk, after I had my dinner. ? The “purely spoken ”examples need to be written down before it is possible to examine them in detail.
? 那些纯粹口头的例子需要先写下来，然后才可能加以仔细研究。 ? The government would wait a month or two before deciding their next move. ? 政府将在一两个月后再做出下一步的行动。 ? (2)．英语复合句--------------汉语简单句
? While we were operating the machine tools, we were very careful. ? 我们在操纵机床时非常小心。
? I have no idea when my Denis will be back? ? Who made the cake is unknown.
? (3). 英语复合句--------------汉语复合句
? It worries her mother much that her daughter often stays up so late. ? 女儿经常熬夜，这让妈妈很担心。 ? 4．被动----------主动
? She did not wish to be troubled .
? Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion. ? 防腐的新措施已引起了关注。 4. 英语句子结构转换：
? (1)．英语简单句------------汉语复合句
His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free College of the City of New York.
? 由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。
? Father‘s falling ill worried mother. ? 父亲病了，这让母亲很着急。
? The pursuit of science withdraws a scientist‘s interest from external things. ? 科学家因潜心于科学研究，所以没兴趣关注外界的事情。
? Firemen battled against the flames for several hours before getting them under control. ? 消防队员同火搏斗了几个小时才控制了火势。 ? (2)．逻辑关系，汉语―因‖前―果‖后。
? He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event. ? 如果有人敢于预言此事的结果，那他定是个鲁莽之徒。 ? He who would eat the nut must first crack the shell. ? 要吃核果，必先敲果。 4. 思维差异
All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment. 那所大学的学生做出的任何越轨行为 / 违纪行为都会受到处罚。
Whether such a fine literary effort made by a woman writer exists, I can not say, if it does exist, it‘s unknown to me.
女作家能否写出如此绝妙的作品来，我不能肯定，也许能，只是我不知道。 三、段落翻译练习
这里宝玉悲恸了一回，忽然抬头不见了黛玉，便知黛玉看见他躲开了。自己也觉无味，抖抖土起来，下山寻归旧路，往怡红院走来。可巧看见林黛玉在前头走，连忙赶上去，说道：“你且站住。我知你不理我，我只说一句话，从今以后撂开手。”林黛玉回头见是宝玉，待要不理他，听他说“只说一句话，从此撂开手”，这话里有文章，少不得站住说道：“有一句话，请说来。”宝玉笑道：“两句话，说了你听不听？”黛玉听说，回头就走。宝玉在后面叹道：“既有今日，何必当初！”林黛玉听见这话，由不得站住，回头道：“当初怎么样？今日怎么样？”
When Baoyu recovered sufficiently to look up she had gone, obviously to avoid him. Getting up rather sheepishly, he dusted off his clothes and walked down the hill to make his way back again to Happy Red Court. Catching sight of Daiyu ahead, he overtook her.
―Do stop!‖ he begged. ―I know you won‘t look at me, but let me just say one word. After that we can part company for good.‖
Daiyu glanced round and would have ignored him, but was curious to hear this ―one word, ‖ thinking there must be something in it. She came to a halt.
―Out with it.‖ Baoyu smiled.
―Would you listen if I said two words?‖ he asked.
At once she walked away. Baoyu, close behind her, sighed. “Why are things so different now from in the past?”Against her will she stopped once more and turned her head.
―What do you mean by ?now‘ and ?the past‘?‖
第六讲 加注和释义法