16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.

17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.

18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.

19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.

20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.

三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内

填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)

21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( ) 22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by ―copying‖ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( )

23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )

24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( ) 25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze meaning. ( ) 26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( )

27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of Old

English, Middle English and Modern English. ( ) 28. When people of a community speak the same

language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( ) 29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( ) 30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( )

四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)

31. competence and performance 32. minimal pair 33. morphology 34. finite clause 35. sense and reference 36. Cooperative Principle 37. semantic broadening 38. language planning

39. the critical period hypothesis

40. instrumental motivation vs. integrative motivation

五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)

41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?

42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure. The girl ate the orange.

43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare‘s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident. King: Where is Polonius?

Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, seek him i‘ the other place yourself. But indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby. Act IV, Scene iii

英语语言学试题（6）

Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements