Outspoken social media critic Jaron Lanier (who was also named one of Time magazine’s 100 most influential people of the year) says Harrisburg University’s experiment may be too extreme. He would prefer that students donate a penny to charity every time they access social media.

“Because that would create awareness, they would be aware of how much they were doing,” Lanier says, “making the use of it into something that’s more conscious and more considered.”

Lanier is mainly worried that social media creates superficial ties rather than lasting friendship. But he says he’s optimistic about the “post-Facebook generation” — teenagers he hears from in high schools who don’t identify with Facebook.

Lanier hopes this generation will act differently, declaring, “No, we are individuals; we invent ourselves; we’re not going to have some third-party advertising business define us. We invent our own taste, and furthermore, we decide what friendship means.”

56. What do the underlined words “live it” in Paragraph 1 probably refer to? A. Making a living without the Internet.

B. Leading a life without social media. D. Being aware of the importance of technology.

C. Experiencing the popularity of social media. 57. What do we know about the cutoff experiment?

A. The experiment lasted a week and was very successful. B. Only three students participated in the experiment. C. The participants had terrible feelings toward the cutoff. D. The experiment had something to do with students’ schoolwork. 58. What is Lanier’s opinion about the experiment?

A. The university should do the experiment in a more proper way. B. The experiment should include the “post-Facebook generation”. C. Students should donate some money to the experiment.

D. The experiment can make the students more conscious and considered. 59. What’s the passage mainly about? A. The disadvantages of social media.

B. Some people’s views on social media. D

One evening at a busy Broadway crossroad, I noticed a sister struggling to keep her little kid under control while she talked on the pay phone. She wanted him to stay still next to her, but he wanted to run and play at the curb, close to rushing buses and taxis. One could sense the woman’s frustration, that she was pulled in too many directions: She was angry at the person on the telephone and shouting at the younger that she would “snap his leg” if he moved again. As I waited for the traffic light to change, the child began to complain and struggle to free himself from the woman’s grasp. She dropped the phone, seized the neck of his tiny T-shirt and gave him a back-hand blow across the face that I know made his little head spin.

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C. A university’s experiment on social media. D. Challenges to the “post-Facebook generation”.

The light changed, and passersby continued on their way. But I stood there, fixed to the pavement.

I knew this extremely upset woman would carry through on her threat of violence to the child. Before, I had wanted to approach her and offer to watch the youngster while she dealt with the troubling situation on the phone. Now I wanted to comfort the little boy. I also wanted to speak to the sister to calm her and to caution her, as I wish someone had cautioned me when I was passing my pain on to my daughter and causing her emotional suffering. But I was chicken. I thought, she may think I’m out of line, or I may be her next target.

Often I’ve thought about that child and the many others abused by adults. I wonder how they will internalize (使……藏在心底) their pain, and if it will crush their spirits. Will this little boy grow up to be an abusive man? Will he be gloomy and withdrawn? Will he find it hard to communicate with women, with other men? Or will he survive and be sensitive, caring and determined not to continue the cycle?

There is too much cruelty in the world, too much cruelty between people. I tremble at the increasing verbal bitterness and violence among Black girls, and among young mothers trying to discipline their children. This behavior isn’t class- or age- related: I hear sharp words from Black women from all walks of life who are overworked and stressed out and have grown impatient. At times I, too, become impolite to others, or, like the sister on the phone, strike out at (抨击) those closest to me.

Often we’re tired because we’ve made the wrong choices. Young girls who still need mothering are loaded with children. We sisters easily get hurt and annoyed when we don’t compromise with our own sense of self. Our personal fulfillment requires knowing what is best for us, setting our boundaries and keeping them undamaged. We will always be asked to do more than we are comfortable doing. When we know our boundaries, we can decline comfortably. People — and we ourselves — will act in ways we don’t like. But they, like us, are still worthy of love.

Whatever irritates (激怒) us about a person should be examined. Is the person reflecting behavior in us that needs to be changed? Often, when I find people irritating, I find they mirror something about me that I need to correct.

What’s needed in our personal relationships is a return to gentleness and tolerance (容忍). We must allow one another our learning experiences. Just as violence results to violence, verbal violence — the hard words and sharp tones we use to release inner stress — adds to the distance between us.

What we people of African root must do to become, and continue to be strong begins with love, sensitivity and our ability to work together. We Black women have these spiritual resources in abundance. Now we must encourage them to create a peaceful place — for ourselves, our children, our men.

60. The scene the author described in the passage probably happened ______. A. in a phone booth

B. at a bus stop

C. near a taxi stand B. cruel and talkative D. considerate and sensitive

D. on the street

61. We can learn from the passage the mother of the little kid must be ______. A. disappointed and hot-tempered C. confused and quick-minded

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62. By saying “She may think I am out of line”, the author meant the woman might say ______. A. “You’re not standing in the queue.” B. “You can watch and comfort my kid.” C. “Walk away. It’s none of your business.” D. “You are walking in the wrong direction.”

63. The wrong choices the author mentions in Paragraph 5 include ______. a. We sisters refuse to marry young b. We aren’t satisfied with ourselves c. We have our boundaries damaged d. We decline others’ requests for help A. a, b

B. c, d

C. a, d

D. b, c

64. According to the author, when we find a person irritating, we should ______. A. return to tenderness and tolerance

B. reflect on our behavior that needs correcting C. avoid the hard words and sharp tones D. examine if anything is wrong with him 65. The tone of the last paragraph is ______. A. critical

B. pessimistic

C. optimistic

D. objective

第II卷 (非选择题，共40分)

第四部分：词汇检测 (共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分)

请认真阅读下列各个小题，并根据上下文语境和所给首字母的提示，写出下列各句空格中的单词，注意保持语义和形式的一致。请将答案的完整形式写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。 ．．．．．．．66. — Why are there always shootings in the US?

— Probably because gun ownership in the US is a f ▲ individual right. 67. — It seems to me that you o ▲ to the plan.

— I can’t support it unless you make some changes.

68. — When do you think a child is ready for a sleep-away camp?

— It just depends. But first of all, you should prepare him for the s ▲ from his parents. 69. — Believe it or not, Mark doesn’t use WeChat.

— It’s not strange. He seems completely d ▲ from reality.

70. — I know which words are the most f ▲ misspelled, but I never know how to spell them. — Apparently, you have trouble with spelling. You need to try harder.

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第五部分：任务型阅读 (共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)

请认真阅读下面的短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卷上相应题号的横线上，每个空格只填一个单词。

How Do Food Additives Affect Your Health?

There are thousands of harmful food additives that we are consuming every day. Many of these food additives have been shown to do harm to our health.

In 1958 the government passed the Delaney Clause Food Additives Amendment which forbade companies from adding known harmful chemicals to our food. But in spite of this, there are still dangerous chemicals that are still being added to our food and it is important to understand which chemicals these are and what the potential dangers are.

The only defense we have as consumers is that all packaged food is required to list all the ingredients (配料) on the label. We need to educate ourselves and become familiar with the harmful food additives and read every label of the food we purchase. The challenge however, is that food companies tend to make finding these suspicious ingredients somewhat dull, hiding them in hard-to-find areas of the package and making the print extremely small so as to discourage their discovery.

The names of these chemicals themselves can complicate matters. These chemical names are long and foreign-sounding and people typically skip over them because they are dull to try and read. The food producers are clever. They will make intentional use of healthy-sounding phrases to trick people into thinking that the product is free of chemical additives. For instance, “Natural Flavors” or “No Preservatives” are commonly found on packaged food products, but does this mean that the product is free of harmful food additives? Absolutely not. Again, you must check all the ingredients to determine whether a product is completely free of food additives.

Here is a helpful tip that relies on basic common sense. If you are reading the ingredient list and you find it is long and loaded with long words that you are unfamiliar with, guess what? This product almost assuredly has plenty of chemical food additives.

And here is a list of six food additives that you should definitely try and avoid. This is not a complete list, however, these food additives have been linked to health concerns and harmful side effects.

Sodium Nitrate

Found primarily in lunch meat and hotdogs. This is a preservative and has been linked to cancer. BHA and BHT

They are used as a preservative. You can find them in things like chips, cereals and even chewing gum. They are known to oxidize (氧化) the cells and cell oxidation is the precursor to cancer. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)

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