1900 and following the Modern Foreign Language Study in 1928. The earlier method was similar to the traditional Grammar/Translation method and emphasized the transference of linguistic understanding to English. Presently, the reading method focuses more on silent reading for comprehension purposes. f. ASTP and the Audiolingual Method:

This approach is based on the behaviorist belief that language learning is the acquisition of a set of correct language habits. The learner repeats patterns and phrases in the language laboratory until able to reproduce them spontaneously.

ASTP (Army Specialized Training Program) was an intensive, specialized approach to language instruction used in during the 1940's. In the postwar years, the civilian version of ASTP and the audiolingual method featured memorization of dialogues, pattern drills, and emphasis on pronunciation. g. Cognitive Methods:

Cognitive methods of language teaching are based on meaningful acquisition of grammar structures followed by meaningful practice. h. Communicative Methods:

The goal of communicative language approaches is to create a realistic context for language acquisition in the classroom. The focus is on functional language usage and the ability to learners to express their own ideas, feelings, attitudes, desires and needs. Open ended questioning and problem-solving activities and exchanges of personal information are utilized as the primary means of communication. Students usually work with authentic materials (authentic realia) in small groups on communication activities, during which they receive practice in negotiating meaning. i. Total Physical Response Method:

This approach to second language teaching is based on the belief that listening comprehension should be fully developed before any active oral

participation from students is expected (just as it is with children when they are learning their native language) . James Ashers' Total Physical Response:

1) Skills in second language acquisition can be more rapidly assimilated if the teacher appeals to the students' kinesthetic-sensory system. Asher believes that understanding of the spoken language must be developed in advance of speaking.

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2) Understanding and retention is best achieved through movement (total movement of the student's bodies) in response to command sequences. Asher believes that the imperative form of language is a powerful tool that can be used to guide them to understanding as it manipulates their behavior--many of the gramatical structures of the target language can be learned through the use of the imperative.

3) Never force students to speak before they are ready. Asher believes that as the target language is internalized, speaking will automatically emerge (you must decide, as the teacher, when YOU will encourage your students to participate orally in the classroom).

7.Homework:

1. What are difference between learning the first language and a foreign language? 2. What are the qualities of a good language teacher? To what extent have you got these qualities? What do you think you should do so as to become a good teacher in the future?

3. What are the qualities of good language learner? What do they suggest to language teaching?

8.Self-assessment:

Because students are not familiar with these theroy on the language and view of the language, it is very difficult to help Ss understand it. So it requires T explain it in details with the help of clare illustration and examples by using vediotapes. To get students read more on linguistics and schools of language methors is also necessary.

Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Activities

1.Teaching Aims:

To discuss one of the most important trends in second/ foreign language teaching in the past three decades, that is the practice of communicative language teaching

2.Teaching Content:

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1) Language use in real life vs. traditional pedagogy 2) Fostering communication competence 3) The implementation of language skills 4) Communicative activities

5) Conclusion How do we learn language?

3. Teaching Hours: 4 periods 4. Teaching materials:

1)Textbook 2)Handout 3)Vediotape

4) Pictures and real objects

5.Teaching Methods:

1) Lecture ( Computer-aided Instruction) 2)Demonstration

6.Teaching Procedures

1) Where does communicative language teaching come from?

Its origins are many, insofar as one teaching methodology tends to influence the next. The communicative approach could be said to be the product of educators and linguists who had grown dissatisfied with the audiolingual and grammar-translation methods of foreign language instruction. They felt that students were not learning enough realistic, whole language. They did not know how to communicate using appropriate social language, gestures, or expressions; in brief, they were at a loss to communicate in the culture of the language studied. Interest in and development of communicative-style teaching mushroomed in the 1970s; authentic language use and classroom exchanges where students engaged in real communication with one another became quite popular.

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In the intervening years, the communicative approach has been adapted to the elementary, middle, secondary, and post-secondary levels, and the underlying philosophy has spawned different teaching methods known under a variety of names, including notional-functional, teaching for proficiency, proficiency-based instruction, and communicative language teaching.

2) What is communicative language teaching?

Communicative language teaching makes use of real-life situations that necessitate

communication. The teacher sets up a situation that students are likely to encounter in real life. Unlike the audiolingual method of language teaching, which relies on repetition and drills, the communicative approach can leave students in suspense as to the outcome of a class exercise, which will vary according to their reactions and responses. The real-life simulations change from day to day. Students' motivation to learn comes from their desire to communicate in meaningful ways about meaningful topics.

3) What are some examples of communicative exercises?

In a communicative classroom for beginners, the teacher might begin by passing out cards, each with a different name printed on it. The teacher then proceeds to model an exchange of introductions in the target language: \for example. Using a combination of the target language and gestures, the teacher conveys the task at hand, and gets the students to introduce themselves and ask their classmates for information. They are responding in German to a question in German. They do not know the answers beforehand, as they are each holding cards with their new identities written on them; hence, there is an authentic exchange of information.

Later during the class, as a reinforcement listening exercise, the students might hear a recorded exchange between two German freshmen meeting each other for the first time at the gymnasium doors. Then the teacher might explain, in English, the differences among German greetings in various social situations. Finally, the teacher will explain some of the grammar points and structures used.

\prepared to answer, in the target language, some general questions about what was said.

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