effectiveness 10) exposure

1) the productive forces an impressive film 1) at fault 2) protective measures 7) creative work 2) was to blame 3) constructive 8) a decisive victory 3) were blamed for criticisms 9) defensive arms/ 4) fault 4) instinctive fear/ defensive weapons 5) blamed for instinctive dread 10) an explosive 6) fault 5) large, expressive eyes situation 7) was to blame 6) an impressive movie/ 8) at fault 1) It is a pity that he did not come earlier.

2) It's a well-known fact that smoking can cause lung cancer.

3) It is true that I encouraged him, but didn't actually help him. 4) It didn't seem likely that they would ever keep their promise.

5) It was hard to understand why Prof. Hardy had singled out Mary for criticism. 6) It's unfair that most women do not earn equal pay for equal work.

1) Instead of criticizing Susan for what she has done, we ought to praise her for it.

2) Instead of going straight home after school, Helen went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.

3) Instead of sending the book to Allan by post, I'm going to take it to him myself. 4) Instead of going to New York yesterday to attend his daughter's wedding, Dr. Wilson flew to Florida for an emergency case.

5) Instead of using oil lamps, the villagers have electric lights now.

6) Instead of disturbing Cathy, the news had a strangely calming effect on her mind. 1) much 6) 25 per cent 14) 3) pursuing bigger higher 1) out everything 4) a cow with 2) a little 2) her 15) true wings more 1) profits 3) talked 16) other 5) whisper difficult 2) comments 4) and 17) as 6) fan 3) slightly 3) quit 5) with 18) surprise 7) With her more 4) 6) could 19) were continuing encouraging appreciated 7) in 20) change support 4) far more 5) ignored 8) quietly 21) could 8) sincere constructive 6) pat on the 9) things 22) For 9) oxygen 5) back 10) strike 23) picture 10) powerful considerably 7) 11) with deeds of more discouraged 12) wonder 1) draw kindness efficient 8) routine 13) opinion 2) known as 1) 作者想通过这篇文章向读者传达她对赞扬与批评的看法。

Through the article the author wants to convey to the readers her views on praise and criticism.

2) 作为父母我们应该知道，对于孩子们来说，一句赞扬抵得上十句责骂。

As parents we should know that for children an ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding.

3) 这位教师并不是一个了不起的学者，但他的确懂得怎样把一门课教得活泼而有趣。(in a ... manner)

The teacher isn't much of a scholar, but he does know how to teach a course in a lively and interesting manner.

4) 我们常常发现运用一个规律比懂得它要难得多。

We often find it much more difficult to apply a rule than to know it. 5) 她从不因为孩子们争吵而责骂他们，而是在他们安安静静地玩耍时赞扬几句。

She never scolds her children for squabbling. Instead, she gives them a few words of praise when they play quietly. 6) 格林先生老是挑他女儿写作的刺儿，但不知怎的，对她那首写得很差的诗歌却给予好评。 Mr. Green was always critical of his daughter's writings, but somehow he commented favorably on that poorly written poem of hers.

7) 我们班上有不少学生因为没有按时交作文而受到教师的当众批评。 Quite a few students in our class were publicly criticized by the teacher for failing to hand in their compositions on time.

8) 一位好的教师应对学生取得的进步非常敏感。如果学生的进步被忽视，他们就会感到沮丧。

A good teacher should be very alert to the progress his students make / are making. If their progress is ignored / goes unnoticed, the students will feel discouraged.