05年28题

At a rough estimate, Nigeria is ____ Great Britain. A. three times the size as B. the size three times of C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of

选D。本题考倍数表达法。在英语中倍数应该放在?as ... as? ，?-er than?，或 ?the size/length/width...?之前，所以D是正确的表达。

05年41题

There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we ____ gave up. A. eventually B. unfortunately C. generously D. purposefully

选A。本题考副词。根据上下文，可以知道?有一个很长的队伍排着要咖啡?，所以?我们最终放弃了。?eventually意思是?最终?，正合题意，其他都说不通。

05年44题

At times, worrying is a normal, ____ response to a difficult event or situation ––a loved one being injured in an accident, for example.

A. effective B. individual C. inevitable D. unfavorable

选C。本题考形容词。所给的四个形容词，effective意思是?有效的?，individual是?个人的?，inevitable是?不可避免的?、?必然的?，unfavorable是?不利的?。本题的意思应该为?有时候，处于一种困境时——比如一个所爱的人在一次事故中受伤了——忧虑是一种正常的，不可避免的反应。?

06年28题

A typhoon swept across this area with heavy rains and winds ____ strong as 113 miles per hour.

A. too B. very C. so D. as

选D。本题考形容词比较的句型，只有as...as可以在次运用，因为so...as的形式一般是用在否定句里的。as...as在这里的意思是?有......如此强的程度?，整句的意思为?伴随着大雨和强达每小时113英里的狂风，台风袭击了这个地区。?

07年27题

Alan is a careful driver, but he drives ____ of my friends.

A. more carefully B. the most carefully C. less carefully D. the least carefully 选D。本题考副词的最高级。?在我的朋友当中?，一定是超过两个人，同时句子中也没有than一词，所以不可能用比较级，而后半句由but引出，说明意思有转折，所以不可能用the most carefully，只能选D。

语法讲座：分词 一、分词的形式

1．现在分词与过去分词的主要区别

A)及物动词的现在分词与过去分词的区别 eg. The news excited the children. →The news was exciting. The children were excited.

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→ the exciting news the excited children My teacher’s words encouraged me greatly. → My teacher’s words were encouraging. I was greatly encouraged. 通过上述例子，可以发现，及物动词的现在分词表示的是?主动?，它的过去分词是?被动?。

试分析：tiring与tired

interesting与interested pleasing与pleased

B)不及物动词的现在分词与过去分词的区别

eg. China is a developing country and the UK is a developed country. developing：正在发展，发展中 developed：已经发展好的，发达的

试比较：boiling与boiled，falling与fallen，burning与burned。 通过上述例子，可以发现，不及物动词的现在分词表示的是?进行?，它的过去分词是?完成?。

2．现在分词的四种形式

现在分词除了一般式之外，还有完成式和被动式，以动词do为例，现在分词的四种形式见下表：

doing having done being done having been done A) doing：主动/进行

eg. a)I hear someone singing an English song in the next room. Last night, I heard someone singing an English song in the next room. b) The man standing on the platform is waving his hand to us. c) They stood by the roadside, begging. doing所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生，与逻辑主语是主动关系。 B) being done：被动/进行

eg. The problem being discussed is very important. The museum being built there will be open to the public next year. being done所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生，但与逻辑主语是被动关系。 C) having done：主动／完成

eg. Having done his homework, Tim played chess with his friends. Having cleaned the classroom, I went home. having done所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，与逻辑主语是主动关系。 D) having been done：被动/完成

eg. Having been surrounded by the flood for over a week, the villagers lacked food and medicine.

Having been shown the library, the visitors were led to the audio-visual lab. having been done所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，与逻辑主语是被动关系。 E) Conclusion： 现在分词 doing (主动/进行) having done (主动/完成)

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being done (被动/进行) having been done(被动/完成) 过去分词 / done (被动/完成) having been done与done的区别：

试分析：Written in simple English, the book is easy to read. Built more than 800 years ago, the Krimlin is the working place of the Russian president.

Having been surrounded by the flood for over a week, the villagers lacked food and medicine.

Having been shown round the library, the visitors were led to the audio-visual lab.

过去分词所表示的动作也发生在谓语动词之前，与逻辑主语的关系也是被动，但它不象having been done强调两个动作先后发生，过去分词经常可表示一种完成的状态。 3．分词的否定形式：not +分词

eg. She remained silent, not knowing what to say. Not hearing the bell, the teacher kept on teaching.

二、分词的功能

1．表语 (doing/ done)

eg. The situation is inspiring. The little girl is charming. He looks disappointed. Nanjing Road is crowded at weekend. Those days are gone forever. 2．宾语补足语 (doing/ done)

可以跟分词作宾语补足语的常用动词有see, look at, notice, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel, smell, have, get, set, leave, keep, make, find等。 eg. Mary heard someone knocking at the door. I found him sitting/seated at the back of the room. I didn’t recognize him, because he had his hair cut. Don’t worry. I’ll have the car waiting for you. She saw her baby playing with their pet dog. She saw a patient carried out of the room by the doctors. The policeman noticed the small kitchen window broken. *The teacher caught him cheating in the exam. *I won’t have you talking like that. 3．定语 (doing/ done/ being done)

分词作定语，如果只是单个的分词，一般放在名词前，如是词组，一般放在名词之后。 eg. He took a burning stick from the fire. There was a lighted candle at the corner of the table. We met a group of children training in the playground. Mr Smith is a man greatly respected by his colleagues. The house being repaired was on fire last night. 试分析：What I saw in the dark was a ？ face. (frightened/frightening)

注意：现在分词作定语时，分词表示的动作是与句子谓语动词同时发生，不能表示

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位于动词之前发生的动作，如?我要跟那位打碎玻璃窗的男孩谈谈?就不能分词翻成?(X)I’ll talk with the boy breaking the window?，而要用定语从句?the boy who broke the window?。 有些分词还可放在形容词前，用法相当于一个副词，如burning hot, freezing cold,等。 4．状语 (doing/ done/ having done/ having been done)

分词（短语）经常用作时间、原因、条件及伴随状语。 eg. Hearing the news, they jumped for joy. Having received the final medical check, the astronauts boarded the spaceship. Having been operated on the leg, the patient was moved to the ward.

Being young, he was energetic. Badly injured, the driver lost consciousness. Having lived there for more than half a year, she is familiar with the city.

Given more time, I could do it better. Heated for a while, water will turn into vapour.

They sat on the grass, looking at the setting sun. Holding the million-pound note, he stood there dumbfounded. 分词作状语，分词短语前有时还可以用连词when, while, if, unless, once, until, though等。

eg. If playing all day, you will waste your time. Don’t mention it when/while talking with Mary. He will not come unless invited. Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the ice. Leave the chicken in the oven until cooked to a brown color. 有的分词短语已经相当于一个固定用语，如generally speaking, judging from..., talking of...等，要靠平时注意和积累。

eg. Judging from his appearance, he can’t be over forty.

Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities than girls. Talking of language learning, communication is of great importance. 注意：我们用分词作状语的时候，它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语或分词前面的名词。 错句： Walking through the park, the flowers looked beautiful. →Walking through the park, I saw some beautiful flowers. 错句：Running into the house, the door banged after the boy. →Running into the house, the boy banged the door. 5．分词独立结构(Absolute Construction)

A)Try to turn the following complex sentences into simple ones: a) Because I had lost all my money, I had to give up my plan. →Having lost all my money, I had to give up my plan. b) When she was left alone in the room, she began to weep. →Left alone in the room, she began to weep.

c) If time permits, I will show you round the campus. →？Permitting, I will show you round the campus X

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