06年27题
Send my regards to your lovely wife when you ____ home. A. wrote B. will write C. have written D. write
选D。这是祈使句中的状语从句的动词，所以用一般现在时态代替将来时态。
06年32题
When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike ____ to become a world champion by his coach and parents.
A. expected B. was expecting C. was expected D. would be expected
选C。根据整个句子的意思，可以判断，是他的教练和父母期盼马克成为世界冠军，所以用被动语态，时间在他7岁的时候，显然是过去时态。
07年28.题
―Did you tidy your room?‖
―No, I was going to tidy my room but I ____ visitors.‖ A. had B. have C. have had D. will have
选A。根据前面的疑问句，可判断谈论的是过去的事情，而且回答的前半句也说明了时态：?我正要打扫屋子，但我有客人来访了?是过去时态。
07年30题
With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ____ in the past years. A. discovered B. have discovered C. had been discovered D. have been discovered
选D。全句的时间状语是in the past years，是典型的现在完成时态的时间状语，而且?发现?与?新的物质材料?是动宾关系。
情态动词
一、can, may, must
根据意思与习惯用法，我们可以把can, may, must分成以下两组用法，方便学习与掌握。
1．第一组用法见下表（主要在初中的时候我们所掌握的）： can may must A) can a) can的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句： eg. Computers can do a lot of things for us. Money cannot buy everything. Can you speak French?
I could run very fast when I was young.
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词义 能、会 可以 必须 肯定 can may must 否定 can’t mustn’t/may not needn’t 疑问 Can...? May...? Must...? 过去式 could might must/had to b) can与be able to
can与be able to的意思相近，经常可以互换使用，但是be able to除了有一般现在与过去时态之外，还有将来、完成等时态，所以要表示将来能够或已经能够做什么事，就要用be able to。
eg. You will be able to communicate with foreigners fluently if you finish the course. The baby has been able to one or two simple sentences.
在用过去式的时候，could与was able to的意思不同，could表示的是?当时能够做某事?的意思，而was/were able to表示的是?当时能够，并且成功地做到了?的意思。 试比较：
Einstein was able to flee Germany when Hitler came into power. I could pass the examination, but I was too careless.
c) could在疑问句时用意表示请求，意义同can，是一种比较客气的表达方式。 eg. Could you give me a hand? B) may
a) may的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句： eg. You may choose anyone here you like.
—May I leave now? —Yes, of course/Sure. Go ahead.
—No, you mustn’t. （注：口语中也能用cannot。） I was told that the boss might come to the office before 9 b)mustn’t与may not.
mustn’t一般是说话人表示?不可以?或?禁止?，而may not一般是指按规定?不允许?的意思。试比较：
You mustn’t leave the bike here.
The sign on the wall reads, ―Visitors may not feed the animals in the zoo.‖ c) may可放在句首，表示?祝愿?。 eg. May our friendship last forever.
d) might有时用在疑问句中，只是一种比may更客气一点，而非过去式。 eg. Might I have a few words with you, sir? C) must
a) must的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句： eg. Everyone must obey the rules.
—Must I finish the work today? —Yes, you must.
—No, you needn’t/don’t have to. He told me he must/had to see a doctor tomorrow morning. b) must与have to
用must更强调主观上?必须?，而have to 更强调客观上的?不得不?。 在间接引语中，主句动词是过去式时，用had to多，但must也可以用。 have to有现在、过去和将来三种时态。 c) must有时可以表示?偏偏??非...不可?的意思。
eg. Why must you make such a mess when the visitors are coming?
2．第二组用法见下表： 词义 肯定 否定 疑问 过去式 进行式 10
can may must 可能/一定 可能 一定 t / may muscannot may not / Can...? / / can’t done may dong must done have have have can’t be doing may be doing must be doing a) can, may, must的第二种用法，是用来表示说话人的一种推测。其中may与must的区别其实是说话人对可能性大小所做判断的区别，觉得可能性大，就用must，可能性小，就用may。而can与may, must是肯定、否定、疑问分工的不同。 现在时举例：
—Can Tom be in the classroom? —Yes, he must be there.
或—Yes, he may be there, but I’m not quite sure.
或—No, he can’t be there, because he hasn’t come to school today. 过去时举例：
I must have been asleep. I didn’t hear your footsteps.
David became angry at the meeting. He may have misunderstood what I meant.
James can’t have forgotten the examination yesterday. There must have been something wrong with him, I believe.
b)表示可能性的否定句中有时也可用may，但意思与cannot有所不同。may not一般解释为?可能不?，而cannot解释为?不可能?
c)表示可能性，也可以用might和could，但并非may和can的过去式，而是表示说话人觉得可能性实在是比较小了，有虚拟的意味。跟may与can一样，might用在肯定句，could用在否定句和疑问句。might do的过去式是might have done，could的过去式是could have done。
eg. —Could it be Susan at the door? —Yes, it might be her.（现在口语中也可用could be回答）
*d) could have done也可以用在肯定句里，表示过去有这种可能，但事实上没有发生（虚拟语气的用法）。
eg. It was dangerous to do so. You could have killed yourself! 二、shall, will, would
1．用在一般疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见。第一、第三人称用shall，第二人称用will或would。
eg. Shall turn on the TV?
Shall my brother go with us? Will/Would you do me a favour?
2．shall与第二、第三人称连用，用在肯定、否定句中，表示?命令、允诺、警告、威胁，及说话人的意愿和决心?。 eg. You shall do it at once!
He shall have the money when he finish his work on time. You shall fail if you don’t work hard.
If Shylock breaks the law, everything he has shall be taken away from him.
3．will在陈述句中可用于任何人称，表示?意愿、意志、决心?等。有时也可用在条件句中。
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eg. I will help you at any time if necessary.
The captain will land you safe in Liverpool, if you will be man.
4．will和would可以表示习惯性反复发生的动作，或在某一条件下，一定回发生的动作。这时，will一般指?现在?，would一般指?过去?。 eg. Oil will float on water, because it is lighter.
He would take a walk after supper when he lived here.
上面例句中的would可以用used to来替换。used to也表示?过去常常?，但used to还隐含了?现在不再这样了?的意思。而would则没有这种意思。 eg. He used to smoke, but he has given it up now. 三、should/ought to
1．可以表示一种必要性、义务，解为?应当、应该?。可以与任何人称连用，并用在肯定、否定、疑问句中。但疑问句时用should更多一些。
eg. You should/ought to pay more attention to your spelling. 2．可以表示一种推测，解为?应该是?。用于任何人称的肯定、否定、疑问句。它还有进行和完成两种形式：should/ought to be doing（对现在正在进行的动作的推测）和should/ought to have done（表示与过去的事实相反，?本来应该?的意思）。 eg. They should be here by now.
The students should be doing the experiment in the lab. You should have come here ten minutes earlier.
3．should有时可以表示说话人惊讶的感觉，解为?竟然?。 eg. I have never imagined that he should say so at the meeting. 四、need和dare
need和dare两词，都既可作为情态动词，又可作为实意动词，所以复习的重点是分清在句子中它们分别是哪种动词。 1．need解为?需要、必须?。
A) 作为情态动词时，多用于疑问句和否定句。 eg. —Need I do it again? —No, you needn’t.
注意：与Must I do it again?的意思相近，但用need问，问的人一般希望得到的是否定的回答；而用must问，问话的人一般希望得到的是肯定回答。
B) 作为实意动词，可用于各种句型，是及物动词，可以跟名词做宾语。 eg. We need another five workers to do the work. C) needn’t have done与didn’t need to do的区别
needn’t have done和didn’t need to do分别是情态动词用法与实意动词用法的过去形式，但是所表示的意义不同。needn’t have done意思是?本来不必?，言下之意是?做了不必要做的事了?；而didn’t need to do意思是?当时不必要?，言下之意是?当时不必要，因此可能就没有做?。
试比较：She was too nervous to reply, but fortunately she didn’t need to say anything. 她紧张得无法答复，但幸运的是，她那时什么也不必说。
You needn’t have mentioned it to him, because he had been told everything before.
你本来不必跟他提这件事的，之前已经有人把一切都讲给他听了。 2．dare解为?敢?。
A) 作为情态动词时，多用于疑问句和否定句。 eg. Dare you say that to your boss?
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