试分析：To learn the language well, ______.

A. more exercise should be done B. it’s necessary to read a lot C. learning some grammar is helpful D. one must practise a lot. 应该选D。

但也有一些不定式可以看作一个固定词组，作整个句子的状语，如to tell the truth, to be frank with you, to begin with等。

eg. To be frank with you, I don’t like the idea. 三、不定式的省略 1．省略to。

A)在用and, or等连接的两个并列的不定式，第二个不定式前的to可以省略。 eg. The robot can help you to clean the room and (to) wash clothes. Being blind and deaf, Helen was not able to see or (to) hear. 在rather than后的不定式一般都要省略to。

He prefers to work with his hands rather than work with his brain. B)在but, except之后，有时要省略。 比较：He did nothing but watch TV all the evening. He had no choice but to wait outside patiently. C)在make, have, let, see, hear, notice等词或词组之后的不定式宾补，要省略to。 2．省略to后面的行为动词或词组，但保留to。

eg. ―Would you like to see a movie with me?‖ ―I’m glad to.‖ 或 ―Sorry, I am not able to.‖

My father has given up smoking, but he used to.

高考真题： 01年29题

Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears ____ everything. A. to tell . to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told

选D。本句考不定式的时态语态表达。后面一句的意思应该是?别人似乎已经告诉她这一切了?。不定式所表示的?告诉?是被动，而且发生在以前，所以要用它的完成被动形式。

02年25题

In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving ____ their products more competitive.

A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made

选A。本题考非谓语动词的用法。在英语中有的动词后面用不定式作宾语，有的用动名词作宾语。动词strive后面只能用不定式，意思是?努力去做某事?，因此也不可能用不定式的完成形式，因为不定式的完成形式表示的是一个发生在谓语动词之前的动作。

02年30题

Quite a few people used to believe that disaster ____ if a mirror was broken. A. was sure of striking B. was sure of having struck C. was sure to be struck D. was sure to strike

选D。本题主要考词组be sure to do与be sure of的区别。be sure to do的意思是?一定会......?，表示说话人的一种猜测。而be sure of的意思是?确信?，表示句中主语对某事非

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常有把握。根据题意?相当多的人过去常认为，如果镜子打碎了，那么灾难一定会降临?，要表示的是说话人的猜测，所以应该用D。

03年43题

An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered ____ clear warnings before firing any shots.

A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued

选A。本题考非谓语动词作宾语补足语。根据order一词的用法，惯用搭配是order sb to do sth.，所以要用不定式做宾补。

04年33题

The flu is believed ____ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.

A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused

选C。本题考非谓语动词作补语。在动词believe后，应该用不定式作，所以A、B两项都不行。此外，根据下文中的by ...，可以看出此处要表示的是被动意思，所以只能选用C。

05年35题

It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ____ a look at the sports stars.

A. had B. having C. to have D. have

选C。本题考非谓语动词作状语。根据上下文，可以看出，这是一个目的状语所以应该选不定式。整句的意思是：简直不能相信，那些追星族在体育馆外等了三小时，就是为了看一眼那些体育明星。

06年33.题

Energy drinks are not allowed ____ in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. A. to make B. to be made C. to have been made D. be to making

选B。本题考不定式的时态和语态。因为动词allow的习惯用法是allow ... to do ...，而energy drinks与make又是被动关系，所以选B。

06年36题

The mother felt herself ____ cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield.

A. grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown

选A。在动词feel之后的宾语补足语可以用不定式或者分词，如用不定式时要省略to。因为grow cold与herself的关系是主动的，所以不能用过去分词，所以只有A项符合题意。

07年35题

There is nothing more I can try ____ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade

选D。其实本题考的是非谓语动词作定语，所修饰的词是不定代词nothing。因为一般习惯用不定式修饰不定代词，所以只有D项正确。

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语法讲座：反意疑问句和倒装句

一、反意疑问句(disjunctive questions/ tag questions)

1．前一句是肯定句，后面要用否定问句；前面是否定句，包括句子里带有否定意义的词如never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, few, little, no, nothing, none 等，后面要用肯定问句。

eg. He has made few friends in his class, has he? You seldom meet with this kind of matter, do you? She said nothing at the meeting, did she? 但是要注意，impossible, dissatisfy, uncomfortable这类词不是否定词。 eg. He is impossible to finish the work by himself, isn’t he? The result of the maths exam dissatisfied you, didn’t it? You failed to pass the test, didn’t you?

2．前后的人称要一致，但后面的问句中只能用代词，不能用名词。如果前面的主语是everything, anything, something，nothing那么在问句中用it作主语；如果前面是everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, those, all(指人)等词作主语，那么后面问句可以用he或者they作主语，现在用they更加普遍。 eg. Everything is ready, isn’t it? Nothing can prevent him from working, can it? Everyone in the village knew the man, didn’t they/ he? 如果是there be的句型，那么后面的问句就用引导词there。 eg. There are many people in the meeting room, aren’t there? 3．前后的动词要一致，但后面的问句只用作用词的缩略形式。 eg. Linda feels better today, doesn’t she? He cannot walk, can he? 注1：have如果解为?有?，那么后面问句中可以用have，也可以用do。have如果与其他动词组成一些词组，如have a meeting, have lunch, have to等，后面问句多用do。如果have是作为助动词构成完成时态，后面问句就用have。 eg. He has no brothers, has/ does he? Most of the students have lunch at school, don’t they? You have been to many places, haven’t you?

注2：当must作为?猜测?的用法时，后面的问句中往往不用must，而是跟must后面的动词。

eg. He must be a teacher, isn’t he?

It must have rained last night, didn’t it? Tom must have finished his homework now, hasn’t he? 4．带有从句的复合句，反意疑问句一般跟主句。

eg. He could run very fast when he was young, couldn’t he? Mary was late because her father was ill, wasn’t she?

The man who helped us yesterday is the manager of the company, isn’t he? You didn’t expect that we would win, did you? 注：如果是I think, I expect, I believe 等加上宾语从句的句子，后面的问句就要跟从句一致。否则就不合逻辑了。

eg. I don’t think he’ll appear this time, will he? 5．祈使句后的反意疑问句，后面的动词用will,，也可以用would, could, 或can。如果是

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肯定的祈使句，后面的问句可以用肯定，也可以用否定；如果是否定的祈使句，则多用肯定的问句。

eg. Come with us, will/ won’t you? Don’t be late, will you? 以let’s开头的祈使句，后面的问句用shall we，在口语中也可以用OK。以let us/ me/ him/ them开头的祈使句,后面的问句用will you。 eg. Let’s go, shall we/ OK? Let me have a look, will you? 二、倒装句 (Inversion)

我们在本节中，只讨论狭义的倒装结构，也就是只讨论句子的主谓部分倒装。 1．全部倒装和部分倒装 (Full Inversion and Partial Inversion)

倒装分成全部倒装与部分倒装两种。全部倒装时，我们直接把所有的谓语动词都搬到主语之前；部分倒装的时候，句子的主谓结构类似一般疑问句的主谓结构，经常是动词的一部分在主语之前，剩余部分还在主语之后。

比如在句子Tom stands in front of the blackboard中，主语是Tom，谓语是stands，所以当主谓语全部倒装时，主语和谓语的语序是stands Tom；部分倒装时，主语和谓语的语序就是does Tom stand。再比如在句子David is sitting over there中，主语是David，谓语动词是is sitting，那么全部倒装时，主语和谓语就是is sitting David这样的语序；部分倒装时，主语和谓语的语序就是is David sitting。

想一想，如果句子是Tom is a good singer呢？如果句子是Peter was very excited呢？这样的句子，它们的全部倒装和部分倒装形式又是什么样子的？

从上面的例子可以看出，当谓语动词是is, am, are, was, were时，全部倒装与部分倒装的形式重合了。

2．全部倒装 （Full Inversion）

全部倒装结构主要用于以下两种句型：

A)以here, there, now, then以及表示地方或方位移动的副词或介词短语开头的句子。 eg. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell. Now comes today’s news. Down struck the hammer. In rushed the boy. On the top of the hill stands a temple built 400 years ago. Under the road run the pipes for gas and water. 注：在这一句型中，如果主语是代词，那么虽然句首还是同样的词或词组，主语和谓语并不倒装。

eg. In he rushed. Here it comes. B)当直接引语在前面时，主句的主谓部分可以倒装。 eg. ―Please go away,‖ said one child. ―Where do you come from?‖ asked the little girl. 但是这一句型中，也可以不用倒装结构。 2．部分倒装(Partial Inversion)

部分倒装结构用于以下几种句型：

A)以否定词如not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, little, few, not only(... but also),

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