被动语态

什么叫被动语态？

英语中语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。分为主动语态、被动语态两种。即主语“做某事”（主动）或者主语“被做某事”（被动）。汉语中所说的“课桌被修好了”，“房子是由工人们建的”这样的在动词前面加个“被”字、“由”字的句就是一种被动语态的句型，在英文中则用动词的被动语态形式表示。 一、语态的种类： 语态 主动语态 被动语态 例 句 定 义 表示主语是动作的执行者 表示主语是动作的承受着，即动作发生的对象 主动：Lily asked the question. 我问了这个问题 被动：The question was asked by Lily. 这个问题是由我问的 二、被动语态的基本构成形式： Be动词 + 动词的过去分词形式 （由两部分构成） 三、被动语态的时态结构变化（主动语态以动词ask 为例） 时 态 一般现在时 肯定式： 否定式： 疑问式： 结 构 、 例 句 They ask a question（主动） 主语+am/is/are+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question is asked by them. 主语+am/is/are+not+动词过去分词+其他++by+介词宾语 A question is not asked by them. Am/is/are+主语+动词过去分词+其他+by+介词宾语 Is a question asked by them? They asked a question yesterday 主语+was/were+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question was asked yesterday by them 主语+ was/were+not+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question was not asked yesterday by them Was/were+主语+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 Was a question asked yesterday by them? They will ask a question tomorrow 主语 + will + be + 动词过去分词 + 其它+by+介词宾语 A question will be asked tomorrow by them 主语 + will + not + be + 动词过去分词 + 其它+by+介词宾语 A question will not be asked tomorrow by them Will + 主语 + be + 动词过去分词 + 其它+by+介词宾语 Will a question be asked tomorrow by them? They would asked a question the next day 主语 + would + be + 动词过去分词 + 其它+by+介词宾语 A question would be asked the next day by them 主语 + would + not + be + 动词过去分词 + 其它+by+介词宾语 A question would not be asked the next day by them 一般过去时 肯定式： 否定式： 疑问式： 一般将来时 肯定式： 否定式： 疑问式: 过去将来时 肯定式： 否定式：

疑问式： 现在进行时 肯定式： 否定式： 疑问式： 过去进行时 肯定式： 否定式： 疑问式： 现在完成时 肯定式： 否定式： 疑问式： 过去完成时 肯定式： 否定式： 疑问式： 情态动词 肯定式： 否定式： 疑问式： be going to 肯定式： 否定式： 疑问式： Would + 主语 + be + 动词过去分词 + 其它+by+介词宾语 Would a question be asked the next day by them? They are asking a question now 主语 + am/is/are + being +动词过去分词+其它 +by+介词宾语 A question is being asked now by them 主语+am/is/are+being+not+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question is being not asked now by them. Am/Is/Are+主语+being+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 Is a question being asked now by them? They were asking a question at that time 主语+was/were+being+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question was being asked at that time by them 主语+was/were+being+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question was being asked at that time by them Was/were+主语+being+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 Was a question being asked at that time by them? They have asked a question 主语+have/has +been+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question has been asked by them 主语+have/has+not+been+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question has not been asked by them Have/Has+主语+been+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 Has a question been asked by them？ They had asked a question 主语+had+been+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question had been asked by them 主语+ had+not+been+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question had not been asked by them Had+主语+been+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 Had aquestion been asked by them? They can ask a question 主语+情态动词+be+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question can be asked by them 主语+情态动词+not+be+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question can not be asked by them 情态动词+主语+ +be+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 Can a question be asked by them? They are going to ask a question 主语+be going to+be+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question is going to be asked by them 主语+ be going to +be+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语 A question is not going to be asked by them Be going to +主语+ +be+动词过去分词+其它+by+介词宾语

Is a question going to be asked by them? 四、主动语态与被动语态的互换

主动语态：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 状语 Eg. We clean the classroom every day.

被动语态：主语 + be+动词过去分词 + 状语 + by+介词宾语 The classroom is cleaned every day by us

主动语态：主语 + 谓语动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 + 状语

He gave me five yuan yesterday

被动语态：主语 + be + 动词过去分词 + 保留宾语（直宾/间宾) + 状语 + by介词宾语 Eg. I was given five yuan yesterday by him Five yuan was given to me yesterday by him 五、被动语态的用法 基本用法 1.不知道或没必要说出动作的执行者时，by短语常省略 2.强调动作的承受 者时 3. 科技文献或新闻报道为体现客观性 4. 为表礼貌或委婉，避免提及动作执行者或说话人自己 例 句 1.Paper was first invented in China.纸是中国首先发明的（不知是谁） 2. Our school was set up in 2003我们学校是03年建立的(不必指明是谁建立的) 1.These boys are taken good care of by her. （强调这些孩子） 这些孩子由她很好的照顾着 2. Many houses were destroyed in the flood很多房屋被洪水摧毁 1. It is said that this disease is caused by a specific virus 据报道，这种病是由一种特殊的病毒引起的 1. Smoking is not allowed in the library图书馆禁止吸烟 2. Everybody is expected to obey the following rules 希望大家遵守以下规定 六、主动不能变被动的情况 不能变被动的情况 不及物动词作谓语 及物动词的宾语是表地点、处所、组织、国家等名称时 例 句 We study hard 我们努力学习 1.He left his hometown ten years ago他10年前离开了家乡 2.The students entered the classroom one by one 学生们陆续地进了教室 某些表状态或关系的四个“发生”：happen, take place, occur, break out 及物动词、短语动词，Look like看起来像，mean意味着，own拥有，join参加，等… eg: In the past 30 years, great changes has taken plance in our country 只有主动语态 在过去的30年，我们国家发生了巨大的变化 There be句型 主系表句型 have作谓语动词 反身代词作宾语 相互代词作宾语 There are a lot of deskes in the classroom教室里有许多桌子 He is a clever boy. 他是个聪明的男孩 We have three meals a day. 我们一日吃三餐 He taught himself English.他自学英语 They know each other. 他们彼此认识

动名词、不定式 作宾语 There be句型 1.They enjoy swimming with us他们喜欢和我们一起游泳 2.She wants to be a teacher.她想成为一位老师 There are a lot of desks in the classroom教室里有许多桌子

七、用主动表被动的一些情况 1. worth“值得”后接动词ing，用主动形式表被动意义 The book is worth reading 这本书值得一读 2系动词用主动表被动：smell闻起来，taste尝起来，look看起来，sound听起来，feel感觉起来 The food tasted delicious. 这食物很好吃 有些有及物动词转化的不及物动词，当主语为物时，由主动表被动： sell卖，write写，wash洗，wear穿，read读，等… The pen writes well这笔很好写 The cloth washes well easily这布很容易洗 注：1. A make / let / have B do “A使B做某事”变被动语态时需改成 B is /are made/had/let to do… “B被迫做某事”

eg: His parents make him study hard at home他父母让他每天努力学习 He was made to study hard at home 他被迫在家努力学习

2. Have sth done “让某事被做”, have后接物时，用动词过去分词形式表被动 eg: I must have my bike repaired, it is broken. 我的单车坏了，我必须修理它