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There are a lot of people who behave irrationally, causing problems to themselves as well as to others. It's hard to analyze the exact causes behind irrational behavior, but we know that it is a manner of behavior that is not based on logic and reasoning. Irrational behavior is caused by various factors but two stand out.

The first main factor that contributes to irrational behavior is uncontrolled emotions. Irrational people take offense or get angry before the actual situation occurs. They become anxious and express exaggerated emotions such as crying and shouting. They have unrealistic expectations, expecting everyone to like them and if someone does not, they feel angry and neglected. It is fairly common for people to show such signs of irrationality.

Too much stress can also lead to irrational behavior. In fact, these days, stress is the major cause of physical as well as mental problems. Stress creates feelings of anger, irritation and frustration. For instance, when you spend a stressful day in the office, it makes you anxious. You start releasing your frustration or stress by screaming at your family members for small reasons like a badly prepared meal. That day you feel everything is wrong.

In summary, uncontrolled emotions and too much stress can result in irrational behavior. To behave rationally is not an easy job because the behavior is internalized. However, to discover the source of your irrationality will help you behave more rationally. Translation 9

极简主义是指去掉多余的，仅保留需要的部分、用最简单的话来说，极简的生

活方式，就是生活得越简单越好,直到获得心灵的平静，这种简单既是精神上的，也是身体上的：这样的生活方式会减轻压力，带来更多自由时间．并增强幸福感、极简主义者会说．他们生活得更有意义了，更从容了，极简的生活方式让他们着眼于生活中更重要的事物：朋友、爱好、旅游和体验。当然，极简主义并不意味着拥有物质财富从本质上来讲有什么不对。现在的问题似乎在于，我们往往太重视所拥有的东西，而常常抛弃了健康、人与人之间的关系、我们的热情、个人成长，以及帮助他人的愿望。极简主义除了在我们的口常生活中可以得到应用，还存在于很多创意领域，包括艺术、建筑、没汁、舞蹈、电影、戏剧、音乐、时尚、摄影和文学等。 10

National Happiness Index (NHI) is an index that measures how happy people are. It is also a tool that measures the levels of economic development and people's livelihood and happiness in a country or region. With the fast growth of Chinese economy, the Chinese government has been paying more and more attention to people's living quality and the increase of happiness index. The government stresses improvement of its people's livelihood, striving to improve their economic conditions and meet their growing material and cultural needs. Currently, the Chinese government advocates the unleashing of more reform dividends, with the aim of offering more real benefits to its people. All these measures will combine to effectively increase the NHI of our people.

Unit 6 Text B When enough is enough Understanding the text 2

1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.D Critical thinking 3

1. *Like to look good in other’s eyes.

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*Tend to have spending habit *Make them feel happy. *Want to be in fashion 2. *Frustrated. *Bored *Confused *Stunned

3. *Don’t know which option they want most. *Seem to them there is never the best option. *Want everything lest they miss a “perfect” one. 4. *Human beings are greedy by nature. *Many believe “The more, the better”. *Most people are too materialistic. 5. *Not really a good thing.

*Make people greedier and more materialistic. *Make people exhausted to make decisions. *Discourage appreciation. Words in use 4

1. concerning 2.specified 3.controversy 4.rendered 5.enforced 6. distribute 7.highlighted 8.implication 9.penetrating 10.subtract Expressions in use 5

1. played a role 2.turned out 3.are depressed about 4. settle for 5. rushed into 6. out of control 7.transferred to 8.rely on Sentence structure 6

1. The more carefully he thought about it, the clearer it became to him that this was a job for someone with experience.

2. The more exercise you do, the more energetic you will become, the easier your everyday tasks will seem.

3. The more interesting the plot is, the more appealing the film will become to the audience. Sentence structure 7

1. He is normally a quiet person, but when it comes to sports, he becomes a completely different man.

2. When it comes to computers and the Internet, all the students become excited, each eager to say something about his experience.

3. A Frenchman may be ready to start a chat with a stranger on a train or in a café, but when it comes to friendship, the French seem to be more cautious than the British. Collocation 8

1. conscious effort 2.winning strategy 3.limited choice 4. remotest idea 5.temporary pain 6.primary role Collocation 9

1. rival options 2.painful choices 3.carefully chosen 4.mutiple options

4. winning strategy 6.predictably irrational 7.temporary pain 8.complex decision

9. limited choices 10.conscious effort 11.naturally prejudiced 12.accumulating evidence

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Unit7 Women:Making a difference TextA Women at rhe management level

3.Words in use

1. harness 2.symbolic 3.disposed 4.flourishing 5.violated 6.accommodation 7.infer 8.compose 9.plausible 10.tolerance Word building 4.

-al/-ial fate fatal horizon horizontal mechanic mechanical occasion occasional proportion proportionan logical logic deny denial commercial mommerce -ity relative relativity prior priority continue continuity actual actuality 5.

1.actuality 2.mechanical 3.logic 4.denial 5.Occasional 6.fatal 7.continuity 8.relativity 9.priority 10.commerce 11.proportional 12.horizon 6.

1.D 2.J 3.M 4.H 5. A 6.O 7.F 8.L 9.I 10.C 7.

1.comes down to 2.take exception to 3.make concessions to 4.burst into 5.feel at ease with 6.on both counts 7.took over 8.stemmed from

Unit 7 Text B A proud homemaker Reading skills: 1 1.C 2.B 3.B 4.A

Understanding the text 2

1.D 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C Critical thinking 3

1. *Similarities: family-oriented, busy with house chores, cook meals, take care of children, clean rooms, do laundry

2. *Help and support the husband

*education and behave children morally *Maintain the order of home. *Keep the family healthy

3. *the husband: The man is supposed to have more responsibilities for his family since he physically stronger than his wife.

*The wife: the woman, to some degree, is more persevered in overcoming difficulties and she is always family-oriented.

*Both: Even though they share different family responsibilities, they both play important and indispensable poles as parents, husband or wife. Two incomes are always better than just one.

4. *Advantages: able to take good care of family, including their diet and health; more communication with family; help children with their schoolwork.

*Disadvantages: a lot of stress, exhausted, less aware of the outside world, lose social contact. 5. *Work outside: have many contacts, communication with more people, be informed of the outside world, be of more help financially.

*Stay home: take better care of family, pay more attention to children, provide healthier food to family, keep the rooms clean, help the husband / wife.

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Words in use 4

1. bounce 2.tolerant 3.supplement 4.condemn 5.overflowed 6. swear 7.resemble 8.compounded 9.disgusting 10.trim Expressions in use 5

1. convert to 2. was revolted by 3. was comprised of 4. busied himself with 5. fussed over 6. is unique in 7. exerting themselves 8. substituted for Sentence structure 6

1. Having no idea about their thoughts and opinion, I would rather five up the attempt to guess what their reaction will be.

2. To avoid making mistakes, I would rather be home alone and not communicate with anybody. 3. The old man would rather be living in the past, for things are much more different today than they were in the past. Sentence structure 7

1. I couldn’t stand bad manners and thought my leaving was anything but rude, so I got the nest train back home and left him there.

2. They usually look very nice and even generous, but in terms of integrity, they are anything but honest.

3. When the two young people got married, may people attended the wedding ceremony, yet it was anything but modern. Warm-up

1. strong urge 2. Particularly difficult 3. Demanding job 4. make concessions 5. Social context 6. Management style 8.

1. plausible 2. context 3.management 4.pleasantly 5. great 6. Strong

7 subtle 8 conflicting 9 personal 10 typically 11 diplomatically 12 vaguely

Unit 8 Human rights vs. Animal rights

Text A Animals or children?-A scientist’s choice

understanding the text:

1. He became a children’s doctor because of this love for children and his strong desire to keep them healthy.

2. He is thought of having no moral compass: He tortures innocent animals for his career advancement and his experiments having nothing to do with medicine.

3. The public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance to them, while the senator and politicians continue to give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists

4. The author does not really admit their mistake, but the tone is apparently ironic, criticizing that the physicians were too soft to respond to the animal rights activists.

5. Life is cruel to both animals and human beings . if the physician don’t create an animal model of the problem, they have to do experiments on human beings, or the medical knowledge will remain static.

6. Drugs to cure infection will remain undiscovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques will remain undeveloped, and fundamental biological processes will remain mysteries.

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