3) The Flowing Order of the Twelve Meridians 十二正经的走行规律 The circulation of qi and blood inside the

Twelve meridians is like the circular movement 十二正经中气血的endlessly. Their circulation starts from the lung 循行如环无端。它们起于meridian of Hand-Taiyin, runs to the liver 肺经通往肝经。 meridian.

THE CAUSES TO INDUCE DISEASES——ETIOLOGY

疾病产生的原因— 病因学

Etiology is defined as various kinds of factors that cause diseases. As TCM sees it, etiology mainly includs the six exogenous pathogens, pestilence,（epidemic pathogenc factors ） the seven emotions, 病因学的定义是造emotional frustration, improper diet, overwork, 成疾病的各种原因。在maladjustment between work and rest, traumatic 中医看来，病因主要有injuries, insect or animal bites, phlegm retention, 六淫、疫气、七情、饮blood stasis, etc. Zhang ZhongJing of the Eastern 食不节、劳逸失度、外Han Dynasty pointed out: \Despite numerous 伤、痰饮、瘀血等。东diseases, they would not exceed three categories\汉时期的张仲景指出：Up to the Song Dynasty, Chen Wuze put forward the “千般灾难，不越三theory of the three categories of etiologic factors 条”。到宋代，陈无择i. e., exogenous pathogenic factors, 提出三因学说，即：外endogenouspathogenic factors and 因、内因、不内外因。non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors. To be more 更具体的说，六淫自外specific, six pathogenic factors invading the body 侵犯人体属于外因；七from the outside pertain to exogenous pathogenic 情直接伤及内脏属于内factors; the seven emotions directly involving the 因；其它如饮食不节、internal organs are attributed to endogenous 过劳，外伤、虫害等属pathogenic factors; other pathogenic factors, such 于不内外因。三因学说as improper diet, overwork, traumatic injury, 在后世产生了强烈的反insect and animal bites, etc. , are said to be 响并促进了病因学的研non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors. \The theory 究。 of the three categories of etiologic factors\caused strong repercussions in later ages and promoted the research into the etiology.

In discerning etiology, besides having a sound 辨别病因除了要对knowledge of the objective conditions that possibly 可能导致疾病的客观环lead to illness, TCM centers attention on the 境有全面的认识外，还clinical manifestations of diseases, and inquires 要注意疾病的临床表into the etiology through analyzing the symptoms 现，从分析症状中寻求and signs so that a basis for treatment and 病因，从而为药物治疗medications may be is provided. This method is 提供依据。这种方法叫called \seeking cause of disease through “辨证求因”。六淫是

differentiation of syndromes.\风、寒、暑、湿、燥、factors are a general term for wind, cold, 火的总称。正常情况下，summer-heat, damp, dryness and fire. Under normal 它们是六种气候因素，conditions, they are six climatic factors. TCM 中医称为“六气”。它calls them the \们对人体无害，而是自human beings but rather are the essential 然界万物生长的必要环conditions of the growth of all living things in 境。因此，正常情况下nature. Thus, the six qi will not cause diseases 六气不导致疾病。然而，normally. However, when the six qi become too 当六气太过或不足、人excessive or deficient, or when the body's 体的抵抗拉太弱不能适resistance is too weak to adapt itself to the 应异常变化时，六气就abnormal changes, the six qi will be changed into 会变成病因侵犯人体，the pathogenic factors to attack the human body and 导致疾病。在六淫中，cause diseases. They, as such, are known as \有五种是由于内脏功能exogenous pathogens\失调所引起，并非外邪exogenous pathogens the five result from the 自外侵犯人体，虽然它dysfunction of the zang-fu organs rather than the 们也有类似风、寒、湿、exogernous factors invading the body from the 燥、火的证候。为了将outside though they also have the symptoms similar 它们与六淫区别，把它to wind, cold, dampness, dryness and fire.（Of...们称为“内生五邪”即是介词短语提前。前置同倒装等一样，是强化信息的重内风、内寒、内湿、内要手段之一。有如：a. Of the two the latter is far 燥、内火。 better than the former. b. Of the 100 cases treated with this therapy, 60 are male and 40 female. ) In order to distinguish them from the six exogenous pathogens, they are termed the \pathogens\cold, endogenous dampness, endogenous dryness and endogenous fire.

The pathogenic features of the six exogenous pathogens are as follows.

六淫的病理特征如下：

(l) The six exogenous pathogens have close （1）六淫与季节变化和relationships with the seasonal changes and living 生活环境有密切关系。environment. For example, diseases caused by 例如，风邪致病多在春wind-pathogen mostly occur in spring; summer-heat 季；暑邪致病通常在夏diseascs usually appear in summer; damp diseases 季；暑邪致病通常发生often happen in later summer, dry diseases arise 在夏至后；燥邪致病多most often in autumn and cold diseases are often 在秋季；寒邪致病见于seen in winter. And the people who live in damp 冬季。生活在潮湿环境circumstances are susceptible to damp diseases, 的人易感受湿邪，而生while the people living under a high temperature are 活在高温环境下的人则liable to contract fire or dryness diseases. 易感染火邪或燥邪。 (2) The six exogenous pathogens may singly invade （2）六淫可以单独侵犯

the body by a single pathogen and simultaneously and 人体也可两种以上同时invade the body by more than two pathogen. For 侵犯人体。例如，普通example, common cold results frequently from 感冒通常由风寒之邪所pathogenic wind and cold; diarrhea is caused by 致；泻泄由湿热之邪所pathogenic dampnese and heat; bi-syndrome 致；风寒湿夹杂而致痹(arthralgia) is causcd by pathogenic wind, cold and 症等。 dampness and so on.

(3) They may be transformed into each other.

（3）六淫之间可以互相

Examples are: pathogenic cold in the body may be

转化。例如，体内寒邪

transformed into heat and prolonged summer-heat

可化热，暑湿可以化火

dampness may bring about dryness and fire to impair

化燥伤阴。

yin.

(4) The last featurc of the six exogenous pathogens

（4）六淫的最后一个特

is that they invade the human body via the body

点是它们可以由体表或

surface or from the mouth and nose or through both

口鼻或同时侵犯人体。

concurrently. This is known as\resulting

这就是“外感六淫”。

from six exogenous pathogens.\

七情指的是人的精

The seven emotions refer to the human mental

神活动。中医把它们归

activities. In TCM, they are classified into seven

为七类：喜、怒、哀、

classes: joy, anger, melancholy, anxiety, grief,

思、悲、惊、恐。在正

fear and terror.They are the different responses to

常情况下，它们是人体

the environmental stimuli in the human body in

对环境刺激的不同反

general circumstances, they belong to the normal

应，属于正常的生理活

physiological activities and will not cause

动，不会致病。当突然、

diseases. When sudden, strong,long or protracted

强烈、持久的精神刺激

（prolonged）emotional stimuli go beyond the body's

超出了人体的适应力和

adaptability and endurance, the emotional stimuli

忍受力，情感刺激就会

will become pathogenic factors, which cause

成为致病因素，引起气、

dysfunction of qi, blood and the zang-fu organs and

血和脏腑的功能失调和

imbalance of yin and yang, hence leading to

阴阳失衡，从而导致疾

diseases. This is known as \injury caused

病。这就是“内伤七

by the seven\

情”。 The seven emotions are different from the six 七情致病与六淫不exogenous pathogens in causing diseases. The six 同。正如以上所提及的，exogenous pathogens, as mentioned ahove, usually 六淫通常由肌肤口鼻侵invade the body through the skin, mouth and nose, 犯人体，在早期多属于and it is mostly exterior syndromes at the early 表证。而七情致病，则stage of the onset. The seven emotions, however, 是直接影响相应的脏腑directly affect the corresponding zang-fu organs to 而发病。因为某一脏腑bring on diseases because a certain zang-fu organ 与某一情志活动有密切is closely related to a certain emotional activity. 关系。所以中医云：“怒（不定式短语 to bring on ... 在句中作结果状语。又伤肝；喜伤心；忧伤肺；

如：a. Arthur returned home to be struck by another 思伤脾；惊恐伤肾”。blow. b. What have I done to deserve so much? c. He 异常情绪主要影响内脏made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the 气的活动，导致气的升subject. ）So TCM says, \降失常。具体的说“怒excessive joy impairs the heart; grief or 则气上；喜则气缓；悲melancholy impairs the lung, anxiety impairs tbe 则气消；恐则气下；惊spleen, and fright or fear impairs the kidney\The 则气乱；思则气结”。abnormal emotions mainly influence qi activity of 至于其它病因如虫害、the internal organs, so as to cause the dysfunction 饮食不节、劳逸失度、in ascending and descending of qi. Concretely 寄生虫、外伤、痰凝、speaking, \血瘀等，虽然同样重要，ascend: joy makes the qi (of the heart) sluggish; 但鉴于篇幅所限，恕不sorrow makes the qi (of the lung) consumed; fear 论之。 induces the qi (ofthe kidney) to dissipate; fright causes the disorder of the qi (of the heart) ; and anxiety brings about the depression of the qi (of the spleen).\As concerns other pathogenic factors such as pestilence, improper diet, maladjustment of work and rest, parasites, surgical trauma, phlegm retention, blood stasis, etc,we have to, though they are of equal importance, give them upon account of limited space. Special phrases

1.Pathogenic factors; pathogens

2.exogenous pathogenic factors; (exogenous pathogenic) 4.pathogenic wind 5.endogenous wind 6.exogenous wind

特殊短语 1.邪气 2.外邪

3.seasonal pathogenic factors (seasonal pathogens) 3.时邪

4.风邪 5.内风 6.外风

7.Wind is the first and foremost factor to cause

7.风为百病之长

various diseases

8.Sudden spasm and rigidity of muscles result from

8.诸暴强直，皆属于风

wind.

9.Vomiting with sour vomitus of spouting diarrhea 9. 诸病吐酸，暴注下with tenesmus is caused by wind. 迫，皆属于热。 10.Abdominal distension is mainly related to heat 10.诸胀腹大，皆属于热 11.visible phlegm 12.invisible phlegm

13.excess of sexual intercourse

11.有形之痰 12.无形之痰 13.房劳过度