于抽象事物的“增加、上涨”；raise是把具体事物举到高处或把抽象事物提高。 一 .raise

vt.招募、培育 如：raise a family vt.提高

如：raise the rent 提高租金 vt.举起

如：raise your hands 举起手 vt.提出

如：raise a question 提出问题

二、rise

vi.上升、升起；增加；上涨

如：The price has risen.价格上涨了 The level line has risen 水平线上升

三、arise

vi. （问题、难题等）出现

如：The question will arise if you do it like that. 如果你那样做，会出现问题。

The oppotunity will arise . 机会会出现的。 vi.产生于，起因于 常用于搭配arise from

如：The accidents arise from carelessness. 事故起因于粗心大意。 vi.起身

arise to do 起身做某事

如：He arose to greet her. 他起身迎接她。 vi.上升（多指无形的东西，如难度等）

25. Cross/ across 区别

Cross 是及物动词，across 是介词 Cross=go across 穿过

Be careful when you cross the street.

= Be careful when you go across the street. 过街的时候小心点！

26. across/through 区别

首先两个都是介词，区别如下：

across表示“横穿、横过、横渡、横跨”

例：I swam across the Changjiang River 20 years ago. 20年前我横渡了长江。

Look left and right before you go across the street. 过马路时要左右看。

而through为在立体空间中的“穿过”。如：go through the forest“穿过森林”，go across the street “穿过大街” 例The river runs through our city.这条河流经我们市。 He passed through the hall. 他穿过大厅

27. more beautiful/ much better区别

More + 形容词原形 eg. More expensive 更昂贵. An apartment is more expensive than a car in Beijing. Much+形容词比较级

Green is much stronger than Curry！

附：不规则形容词的比较级和最高级变化

原级 比较级 最高级 good(好的)/well(健康的） better best bad (坏的)/ill(有病的) worse worst old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest much/many(多的) more most little(少的) less least far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest

28. Much too / too much 区别

1、too much = much“太多，过多”用做形容词或代词，可以修饰不可数名词或用来代替不可数名词。 例：There was too much noise in the next door.隔壁太吵！

You shouldn’t have eaten too much. 你本不该吃太多！（实际吃了）

too much也可以放在某些动词之后，做状语，表示程度，这些词有：work，talk，walk，thank等。 例：She does talk too much, doesn’t she?

2、much too = too “实在，太”用来修饰形容词或副词，其实too就是用来修饰形容词或副词，在它前面加上much则更能表示程度“太”。 例：The dress is much too long for me. 这件礼服太长了。 The problem is much too difficult for us to solve.

29. 情态动词 + have done（表示针对过去的动作） should have done表示本应做而没做（表责备） could have done表示本可以做而没做（表遗憾）

must have done表示对过去事实的肯定判断,语气较重,即很肯定（表猜测） might have done=may have done对过去事实的猜测,语气较轻（表猜测） needn’t have done 表示本没有必要做某事，但是做了（画蛇添足） could not have done 表示不可能做了某事 eg.

1.You should have swept the floor.你本该扫地而没扫.（含责备语气）

2.She could have done better.她本来可以做得更好的.（而实际上做得不够好，含惋惜语气） 3.It must have rained yesterday.昨儿个一定下雨了.(看到外面有很明显的下过雨的痕迹时说) 4.He might have had a fever.他可能发烧了吧.（人没来,而谁也不知道原因,就随便猜猜） 5.You needn’t have helped him. He didn’t deserve it. 你没必要帮他的，他是白眼狼！

6.She couldn’t have stolen my wallet. 她不可能拿了我的钱包。

30. 强调句

⑴强调句基本句型：It is/ was+ 被强调部分+ 其他部分 陈述句： I met Tailor Swift in New York last Sunday morning. 分别强调主语，宾语，地点状语和时间状语

It was I who/that met Tailor Swift in New York last Sunday morning. It was Tailor Swift who/that I met in New York last Sunday morning. It was in New York that I met Tailor Swift last Sunday morning. It was last Sunday morning that I met Tailor Swift in New York.

⑵谓语动词的强调。假如想强调谓语动词，则在动词前面加上助动词 I did meet Tailor Swift in New York last Sunday morning.

I do hope you can do it for me.

I do believe that we can manage it ourselves. 我相信我们自己可以搞定。

31. used to do/ be used to do/ be used to doing 区别

⑴.Used to do 表过去常常做某事，可以强调动作也可以强调状态 eg： He used to go to that coffee shop after work when he was young. = He would go to that coffee shop after work when he was young. 年轻时下班后他常光顾那个咖啡店。 He used to be my Chinese teacher. 他曾经是我的老师。（强调状态） ⑵.be used to do 表示被用来做某事 Cotton can be used to make clothes. 棉花可以拿来做衣服

⑶.Be/get used to doing 习惯于做...

I find it difficult to get used to school life.

I find it difficult to get used to getting up before seven. 七点之前起床真要命。

32. 数字的读法

⑴ 基数词 （百位和十位之间用 and 连接） 45：forty-five

325：three hundred and twenty-five

22222：twenty-two thousand，two hundred and twenty-two ⑵. 序数词

第一 first 第二second 第三 third

April 8th April 21st April22nd April23rd

⑶. 分数和百分数

三分之一：one third 五分之一： one fifth 三分之二：two thirds 五分之二： two fifths

30%： thirty percent 100%： one hundred percent