A is on the east of B A在B的东方（A与B接壤） A is in the east of B A在B的东方（A在B的里面） 2、On the way, a young man waved to me. on the way 在路上, 在途中 wave to sb. 冲某人挥手 3、As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language. as soon as 一……就……，后面一定要加一个句子(时间状语从句), 强调两个动作几乎是连在一起的，“一” 后面的先发生
As soon as I had entered the room,I took off my coat at once. As soon as I had received the letter,I ringed/called him back. 只要是状语从句, 一旦遇到将来时, 变为一般现在时
As soon as you arrive,you must call me. 你一到就打我电话
表示用某种语言作为交际手段时介词用in，表示讲某种语言时可以不加介词。 I speak English. I say a word in Chinese. That book is written in German.
reply 要想加宾语要加 to (+要回答的内容)，而in the same language 在句中作状语, 不是 replay所应回答的问题(宾语), 故用 in
4、Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all. apart from… 除……以外 not … at all 一点都不，表强调 I don't like it.
I don't like it at all.
5、I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, \ nearly 将要
when的翻译要看当时的具体情况, 在这里译为“就在此时” I had nearly reached home when I found my mother standing there.
Do you speak English? 你说英语吗? 你是说英语国家的人吗?（问的是一个事实，不是问会说英语吗） Do you swim? 你去游泳吗? Can you swim? 你会游泳吗?
6、As I soon learnt, he was English himself!'
I learn 我得知； I know 我知道(我本来就知道)
As+主语+动词，从句 （As my mother said/As I heard/ As I learnt） 正如…… As we know,the New Concept English is very good. 正如我们所知…… As I think,it is the coldest day in the year. As he said, English is easy to learn.
himself反身代词单独放在句尾, 起强调作用 I read English myself. 【Key structures】 过去完成时
过去完成时：由 had+过去分词构成，它表示过去某时或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作或情况，即“较早的过去”。过去完成时一定要以一个过去时态作铺垫, 这个动作一定要发生在had done之后。 在用过去完成时态的句子中，常用连词 when，after，as soon as，until，by that time等。常与现在完成时连用的副词如already，just，never，never…before也常与过去完成时连用，以强调事件发生的先后次序： I didn’t know that she was a famous actress until you had told me. The boys loved the zoo. They had never seen wild animals before.
在那些用过去完成时的句子中没有明确的时间状语，但通过上下文可以看出动作发生的先后。 Exercises D (用正确的时态填空)
1 The moment he had said this, he ______ (regret) it.
the moment = as soon as 一……就……，后面直接加从句
2 It ______ (begin) to rain before she took a taxi.
before引导的从句用一般过去时, 主句用过去完成时 【Special Difficulties】 Ask与Ask For：
ask v. 问，询问；请求，要求，邀请
ask a question/ask sb. 问（一个问题）/问某人 I asked (Mary) a question.
They asked Tony to sing a song.
They asked her to spend the weekend with them. ask for 要，要求（某样东西） ask for the answer
I asked for a cup of coffee, but they gave me a cup of tea. You are always asking for help. Except, Except for 与 Apart from
三者都表示“除……以外”，有时可以互换，但except不用于句首，except for 和 apart from则可以。 Everyone has helped in some way apart from/except for/except you. Apart from/Except for you, everyone has helped in some way. apart from习惯上喜欢放句首, apart from=except/besides
如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，还有这个人也做了（包括），是加号=besides；如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，这个人没有做（排除），是减号=except；如果放在句首，统一用apart from代替except/besides
All the passengers are millionaire except us. （减号）
I invited everyone except George. / Except for George I invited everyone. Except for/apart from this, everything is in order. except for含有对整体中的某一个方面不满意，except for 可以不放在句首, 强调整体当中某一方面除外, 剩下的整体都不错
The article is very good except for his handwriing. Except for his height, he is very excellent. Which of，Either of，Neigher of与Both of 上面这些短语都可用于指两个人或两件事 either of 两者当中的任何一个 neither of 两者都不 which of 那一个
both of 两者都 we both
① 当询问在两个或更多的人或事物中偏爱哪一个或选择哪一个时，可用 which I like both of these bags. Which of the two do you prefer?
② either与neither都是对两个人或物而言（后接单数名词）。 either指one or the other（不是这个就是那个），either和neither后跟of时则指两个事物中的每一个 either of sb. ……当中的任何一个
neither of sb. ……当中的任何一个都不（neither of（注意英音与美音的读音）两者之间都不, 一旦出现, 这句话里面不会再出现not）
I don't like the book. My sister doesn't like it either. Neither of us likes it. (注意要用单数) Which bag shall I use?
Either of them. It doesn’t matter which. 哪个都行。用哪个都没关系。 Neither of them. Use a suitcase. 哪个都不行。用个手提箱吧。
③ both只指两个人或物。当它用在名词前时，of 可有可无；当用在代词前面时，其后必须加of Both books/Both of the books are interesting. Both of us/them left early.
④none of 三者或三者以上之间都不 Exercise
5 He could not answer(neither of)(either of)the questions I (asked)(asked for). either of（前面有not, 故只能选either of） , asked ★Lesson 15 Good news
【New words and expressions】生词和短语（5） secretary n. 秘书
nervous adj. 精神紧张的 afford v. 负担得起 weak adj. 弱的
interrupt v. 插话，打断 ★secretary n. 秘书
两种发音，同样还有 history也是两种发音
secret n. 秘密（注意发音与secretary的不同） ★nervous adj. 精神紧张的 ① adj. 神经质的，神经紧张的
She is a nervous woman. Do you see that nervous smile on her face? ② 紧张的，担心的，情绪不安的
He had never spoken in public, so he was very nervous. nervous adj. 精神紧张的（事情发生时） worried adj. 担心的（为以后的事情） upset adj. 不安的 (对以前的事情) irritable adj. 易怒的，急躁的
Our teacher is an irritable old lady. She gets angry easily. ★afford v. 负担得起
① vt. 买得起（常与 can/can’t 连用） afford sth.
I can afford the coat.
② vt. 担负得起（损失、后果等），花得起（时间）（ 常 与 can/can’t连用） afford money/time
I can afford the hoilday. (有时间去) I can afford five yuan.
I can only afford one week for the trip. afford to do sth.
I can’t afford to be ill again. 我不能再病了。 I can afford to buy the book. ③ vt. 提供，给予
Joe afforded us a room for the night. ★interrupt v. 插话, 打断
interrupt v. 打断某人的话 +sb disturb v. 打扰某人 +sb Sorry to disturb you.
interruption n. 中断，打断 【课文讲解】
1、The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me.
would在这里不是表示单纯的过去将来时，而是表示“想……”、“ 要 ……”的意思： What would you like to have? John wouldn’t lend me his bicycle.
2、He did not look up from his desk when I entered.
look up 表示原先在埋头干什么，之后抬头看
He looked up (from his book) when he heard a noise. look down 往地上看（look up的反义词） look down upon/on sb. 瞧不起某人 I look down upon my sister.
3、After I had sat down, he said that business was very bad. Business is very good! 生意好!
4、He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. collect salary 领薪水 pay salary 支付薪水 large一般指东西的数量大
so的后面加形容词或副词；such的后面加名词, 容许在该名词前面加修饰词 5、I knew that my turn had come.
turn n. 轮流，轮班，（依次轮流时各自的）一次机会 My turn has come.
It is my turn. 轮到我了(口语常用形式) When his turn came, he couldn’t speak any word. 6、'Mr.Harmsworth,' I said in a weak voice. in a … voice 用……的声音
in a loud(大声)/low (低声)/weak(强调心里不踏实)/strong(理直气壮) voice 7、Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year! 以下几个词都可表示 “再, 又” 的意思, 注意用法 : ① an extra thousand(作名词看) 数量+extra+名词 再有多少
On Sundays, I usually get some extra sleep.
Last month, he was paid an extra hundred pounds. ② two others = two other +名词 ③ two more
Give me two extra/other/more books. 再给我两本书。 once more: 再一次
④ another three days 另外三天（只有another 的数词在后面） 【Key structures】 间接引语
把某人所说的话告诉另外一个人时，应该使用间接引语。间接陈述句的时态往往受引述动词的影响。引述陈述句时最常用的动词是say和tell，tell后面必须跟表示人称的间接宾语（tell sb.），而 say后面则可跟或不跟to+讲话对象。
1、主从一致 : 主句和从句的时态一致
① 主句的动词为一般现在时, 从句为任意时态
② 主句的动词为一般过去时, 从句为相对应的过去时态（时态倒移） 一般现在时——> 一般过去时 现在进行时——> 过去进行时 现在完成时——> 过去完成时 将来完成时——> 过去将来完成时 一般过去时——> 过去完成时
2、人称变化：主要是第一和第二人称变化 3、只要属于宾语从句, 引导词that可以省略 【Special Difficulties】 Nervous and Irritable
nervous adj. 紧张不安的 Examinations make me nervous. irritable adj. 易怒的