v1.0 可编辑可修改 It’s a semantic relationship or logical connection. A presupposes B. 蕴涵Entailment

Entailment can be illustrated by the following tow sentences in which sentence A entails sentence B.

A: Mark married a blonde heiress. B: Mark married a blonde.

句子间的意义关系sense relation between sentences X is synonymous with Y. 互为同义、同对错 X entails Y. 包含关系-X包含Y

X presupposes Y. 假设、推测 由X推测出Y X is a contradiction. 矛盾句

X is semantically anomalous. 不等逻辑、错误逻辑

Contextualism 语境论 必考，考啥未知P64自己看书

Componential analysis

语义成分分析Componential analysis

Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structure semanticists（结构语义学）to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a world can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features（语义特征）. 17

v1.0 可编辑可修改 述谓分析 Predication analysis A way to analyze sentence meaning. 主项（论元）argument+ （谓词）predicate Eg. (The dogs)主项 (barks)谓词. 带一个主项的述谓 one-place predication

Chapter 6 pragmatics

语用学Pragmatics 必考

The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

The study of language in use or language communication; the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning. Pragmatics=semantics+context 语境Context

It is generally considerd as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.

语句意义与话语意义Sentence meaning utterance meaning

If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in isolation, then we treat it as a sentence.

If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance.

Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning 18

v1.0 可编辑可修改 of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.

言语行为理论Speech act theory 必考P80

It’s an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. it’s a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication. it aims to answer the question ”what do we do when using language”

The concept of causatives performatives, the locutionary act（言内行为）, the illocutionary act（言外行为）, the perlocutionary act（言后行为）and the categories of illocutionary act suggested and formulated by constitute the speech act theory. 言内行为Locutionary Act

A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. it’s the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. 言外行为Illcotionary Act

An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention it’s the act performed in saying something. 言后行为 Perlocutionary Act

Perlocuationary Act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. it’s the consequence of ,or the change brought about by the utterance.

Searle’s classification of speech act 必考P82

阐述性Representatives---to commit the speaker to something’s being the Case ,to 19

v1.0 可编辑可修改 the truth of what has been said.

例词:stating, believing, swearing, hypothesizing最有代表性,

指令性Directives---are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. 例词:inviting, suggesting ,requesting ,advising ,warning ,threatening, ordering 是特有实例

承诺性Commissives---when speaking the speaker puts himself under obligation. 例词:promising, undertaking, vowing最典型

表达类Expressives---the speaker is expressing his feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.

例词:apologizing ,thanking, congratulating

宣告类Declarations---the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.

例句 :I now declare the meeting open/I appoint you chairman of the committee/I fire you.

这五类differ in their strength or force.

合作原则（CP原则）Principles of conversation (Co-operative principles) Proposed by Paul Grice, a logician and philosopher

数量准则the maxim of Quantity-----你说的话应包含所需内容且不可超过内容要求 Make your contribution as informative as required;

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