v1.0 可编辑可修改 词根Root

Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. 词缀Affix

The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.

Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme

派生Derivational morphemes: the morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words

. modern---modernize length---lengthen, fool---foolish, etc.

曲折Inflectional morphemes: the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers,signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, . a) Number: tables apples cars

b) Person, finiteness and aspect: talk/talks/talking/talked c) Case: John/John’s 派生词 Derivation 复合词 Compounds

Chapter Four Syntax 句法学

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v1.0 可编辑可修改 句法学Syntax: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.（句法学是研究词是如何组成句子以及如何支配句子构成规则的一个语言学分支）

Phrase categories and their structures短语分类与结构

Phrase categories----the syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase categories, such as noun phrase: NP (N), verb phrase: VP (V), adjective phrase: AP (A), and prepositional: PP (P). The structure: specifier + head + complement

Head（中心语）---- the word around which a phrase is formed Specifier（标志成分）---- the words on the left side of the heads Complement（补足成分）---- the words on the right side of the heads Phrase structure rules:

The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as:

NP (Det限定词) + N + (PP)……. those people, the fish on the plate, pretty girls. VP (Qual修饰词) + V + (NP)……. always play games, finish assignments.

AP (Deg程度词) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to PP (Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near the station S→NP VP (A sentence consists of, or is rewritten as, a noun phrase and a verb phrase) Do insertion: Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position. 14

v1.0 可编辑可修改 句法类型Syntactic category

A word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as the subject or object.

表层结构S-structure

A level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.

深层结构D-structure

A level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary syntactic movement.

普遍语法General grammar

A system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and parameters about nature language.

NP ’the student who likes linguistics’ consists of Det, N and S with Det being the Specifier ,N the head, S the complement. NP(…)有冠词、名词和子句组成，冠词是指示语，名词是核心词，子句是补足语。

Move α and constraints on transformations α位移和转换的限制 必考（定义和作用）

This general rule is referred to as Move α, where “alpha” is a cover term for any element that can be moved from one place to another. （我也不知道作用是啥，就会用） 15

v1.0 可编辑可修改 这章重点就是画图

Chapter 5 Semantics

语义学Semantics: the study of meaning from the linguistic point of view （对意义的研究） 同义词Synonymy

It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words are close in meaning are called synonyms. 多义词Polysemy

It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. 同音(形)异义Homonymy

It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系Hyponymy

It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. 反义词Antonymy

It’s the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension. 预设Presupposition 16