v1.0 可编辑可修改 The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 严式音标Narrow transcription

The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 送气Aspirated 不送气Unaspirated

of English speech sounds英语语音的分类

Vowel and consonant元音辅音 Vowel

The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels.

Classification of English consonants

a: in terms of the manners of articulation(发音方式): Stops(爆破音): pb td kg 6

Fricatives(摩擦音): /f/ /v/ /θ/ /e/ /s/ /z/ /?/ /?/ h/ /r/ 8 Affricatives(塞擦音): /t?/ /d?/ Liquids(清音): /l/ /r/ Nasals(鼻音): /m,n,η/ Glides(滑音): /w j/ 9

v1.0 可编辑可修改 b: in terms of place of articulation(发音部位) bilabials(双唇音): /p b m w/ labiodentals(唇齿音): /f v/

dentals(齿音): /e

c: the shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded d: the length of the vowels: tense and lax or long and short

音位学

phoneme and allophone

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v1.0 可编辑可修改 音素Phone

a phonetic unit or segment. 音位Phoneme

a collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit. 音位变体Allophones

Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.

explain the sequential rule and the assimilation rule .

序列规则Sequential rules

Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 同化规则Assimilation rules

The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. 省略规则Deletion rule

It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.

Suprasegmental features超音段特征

重音 Stress 声调 Tone 11

v1.0 可编辑可修改 Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. 语调 Intonation

Chapter Three Morphology 形态学

Open class and closed class

Open class words 实词，词数可增加 Closed class words 虚词，词数稳定

Morphemes 词素

词素Morpheme

The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language.

自由词素Free Morpheme

Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.

黏着词素Bound morphemes

Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently.

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