新篇简明英语语言学 Chapter Two Phonology 下载本文

二、知识点

2.2.1 Three branches of phonetics 语音学的三个分支

⑴Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学(longest established, mostly developed )

Studies how speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.

⑵Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学

Studies how sounds are perceived by the hearer.

⑶Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学

Sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.

2.2.2 Organs of Speech 发音器官

1. Pharyngeal cavity–咽腔 (the throat-喉咙) 2. Oral cavity–口腔(the mouth-口)

greatest source of modification of air stream found here 气流调节的最主要源泉来自口腔 The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other 所有器官中,舌头最灵活,而且比其他任何器官能控制更多的发音。

3. Nasal cavity–鼻腔 (the nose-鼻)

2.2.3 Orthogarphic representation of speech sounds - broad and narrow transcription 语音的正字表征—宽式和严式标音 *Distinctions between broad and narrow transcription

Broad transcription:the transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.

Narrow transcription:the transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.

2.2.4 classification of English speech sounds英语语音的分类

元音和辅音之间的实质性区别:元音产生的过程中,来自肺部的气流不受任何阻塞。 (air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever)

2.2.4.1 classification of English consonants英语辅音的分类

1.根据发音方式(terms of manner),英语的辅音可以分为: 1) stops爆破音:发爆破音时,气流开始完全受阻,然后突然释放,如

[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]

2) fricatives摩擦音:发摩擦音时,气流部分受阻,气流从狭窄的通道挤出,产生摩

擦,如[f],[v],[s],[z],[ ],[ ], [ ], [ ], [h] 3) affricates塞擦音:发塞擦音时,气流开始完全受阻,然后气流从狭窄通道缓慢释

放,并伴有摩擦发生,如:[t∫], [d ] 4) liquids流音:在发流音时,受阻的气流从舌头与上部(roof of the mouth)形

成的通道释放出,如:[l],[r]。 5) nasals鼻音:发音时,气流从鼻腔释放出所发出的音为鼻音,如[n],[m],[ ] 6) glides滑音(半鼻音):滑音又称之为半元音。英语中滑音有[w]和[j]。它们的发

音方式与[u]和[i]相同。 2.根据发音部位(terms of place),英语辅音可以分为: 1) bilabial双唇音:气流受阻部位在双唇,如[p],[b],[m],[w] 2) labiodental唇齿音:下唇与上齿接触使气流受阻,如[f],[v] 3) dental齿音:舌尖与上齿接触使气流受阻,如:[θ],[ ] 4) alveolar齿龈音:舌尖与上齿龈隆骨接触使气流受阻,如:

[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]

5) palatal腭音:受阻部位发生在舌根与硬腭之间,如:[∫], [ ],[ t∫ ], [ ], [j] 6) yelar软腭音:舌根与软腭接触使气流受阻,如: [k], [g], [ ] 7) glottal喉音:声带短时接触使气流受阻,如:[h]

2.2.4.2 classification of English vowels英语元音的分类(英p21图)

元音与辅音不同,不能根据辅音的发音方式和发音部位来分类。元音常根据舌位的高低(the position of the tongue in the mouth)、口腔张开的程度(the openness of the mouth)、嘴唇的形状(the shape of the lips)和元音的发音长度(the length of the vowels)。 1) 舌位的高低(the position of the tongue in the mouth)

1.front vowels前元音,发音时舌头前部抬得最高:[i:] [i] [e] [ ] [a]. 2.central vowels中元音,发音时舌头的中部抬得最高如:[ ], [ ],[ ] 3. back vowels后元音,发音时舌根部位抬得最高如:[u:] [ ] [ ], [ ]and [ ]. 2) 开口度:根据开口度(the openness of the mouth),通常把元音分为以下四种:

1.close vowels闭元音:如:[i:],[ i],[u:],[ ] 2. semi-close vowels半闭元音:如:[e], [з: ] 3.semi-open vowels半开元音:如[ ], [ ] 4.open vowels开元音:如:[?], [a], [Λ], [ ], [ɑ:] 3) 嘴唇形状(the shape of the lips):

1.rounded vowels圆唇元音:英语中除了[ɑ:]以外,所有的后元音都是圆唇元音。 2.unrounded vowels不圆唇元音:英语中所有的前元音和中元音都是不圆唇元音。 4) 元音的长度:根据发音的长度(the length of the vowels),元音分为长元音long

vowels和短元音short vowels。(长元音常用一个分号来表示。英语中长元音有:[i:] [ ] [ ] [u:] [ɑ:],其余都是短元音。 ) 5) 根据发音时喉部的紧张程度(the length of the sound)把元音分为紧元音tense vowels

和松元音lax vowels。 长元音都是紧元音,短元音都是松元音。 6) 除了单元音外,英语中还有一组双元音,如:[ ei ] [ai] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ]。 (根据以上标准,我们可以对元音进行描述,如[e]被描述为前、半闭合、不圆唇元音。)

2.3.1 Similarities and distinctions between phonetics and phonology Similarities: both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of

language---the speak sounds. 音系学和语音学都是对语音的研究.

Distinctions: while both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and

focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they process, how they can be classified, etc. phonology, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language from patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistics communication.

语音学研究对象是人类所有语言的语音,它主要是对语音进行描述和分类,如,音的发音方式,音的语音特征,以及音与音之间的差别;音系学研究的是某一特定语言的语音体系,即音在特定的语言中是如何结合产生有意义的单位来进行交际。(音系学家不关注不具备语义区别性价值的语音,而语音学家既研究具有语义区别性价值的音,也研究不具备语义区别性价值的音。)

2.3.2 Distinctions between phone, phoneme and allophone音素、音位、

音位变体

1. phone 音素:A phone is a phonetic unit or segment, but it does not

necessarily distinguish meaning, it’s a speech sound we use when speaking a language.

音素是一个语音单元或音段,但一个音素并不必然区别意义。

(在一门语言中不能区别意义是东西有可能在另一门语言中能区别意义。)

2. Phoneme音位:The basic unit in phonology, it’s a collection of distinctive

phonetic features. 音位是一个音位学的单位 (无论送气与否都不会影响判断(即不产生

意义上的差异),即为同一音位。)

3. Allophones音位变体:Different phones which can represent a phoneme in

different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 在不同的语音环境

中可以表征同一音位的不同因素称为那个音位的音位变体。

2.3.3 Identification of phonemic contrast, complementary

distribution and minimal pair音位对立,互补分布和最小对立体 1.Contrast 音位对立: Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two

ways. If they are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast.

语音相似的音可能以两种方式相互关联,如果它们是两个区别性音位,那么久可以说它们形成了一个音位对立。(不能区别意义,除了一个地方不同,其他相同)

2. complementary distribution互补分布 :Two allophones of the same

phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 同一个音位的两个音位变体是

出于互补分布之中的。