perfectness (n.) 完全，精通，分毫不差

imperfect (adj.) 不完美的，有缺点的，未完成的 imperfection (n..) 不完全，不完备，缺点 imperfectness (n.) 不完美，不完备 imperfective (adj.) 不可能完善的

e.g. He needs to perfect his spoken English before going to work in Canada. 他需要把英语口语学好才能到加拿大工作。

Everyday we should walk on the road of pursuing perfection. 每一天我们都应该走在追求完美的路上。

Flawless as he is, he goes along with an imperfect life. 他是一个完美的人，却过着一种并不完美的生活。

5. strong (adj.）强壮的，强烈的，坚强的，浓的 strength (n.) 力气，力量，长处，强度 strengthen (v.) 加强，变坚固 strengthless (adj.) 无力量的

e.g. Reliability is our strong point. 可靠性是我们的优点。

I believe in that definition very strongly. 我坚信那个定义是对的. We renew our strength in sleep. 我们以睡眠来恢复体力。

You're too weak; and you'd better strengthen with rich food. 你的身体太虚弱了，得补养补养。

6. shame (n. v.)羞愧，耻辱 shameful (adj.) 可耻的 shameless (adj.) 无耻的

shamefulness (n.) 可耻，不名誉 shameable (adj.) 羞愧的

e.g. He felt no shame and no regret. 他既不感到羞愧，也不感到遗憾。

Are you not ashamed of your shameful behavior? 你不为你的行为可耻而感到羞愧吗? He is a shameless liar. 他是一个―无耻‖的撒谎者。

Thirty years later, when I recall the memory, I still feel a bit of shamefulness to her. 30年以后，当我回想起往事，依旧对她有羞愧感。

7. grateful (adj.)感激的，感谢的 gratitude (n.) 感恩之心

gratify (v.) 使满足，使高兴 gratification (n.) 满足，喜悦

gratuitous (adj.) 免费的，无缘无故的

e.g. I am very grateful for all the help. 我感激所有对我的帮助。 He smiled at them with gratitude. 他向他们笑了笑表示谢意。 Does it gratify your curiosity? 这是否满足了你的好奇心？

His success is a great gratification to us. 他的成功对我们是一大喜事。

8. young (adj.) 年轻的，没有经验的，初期

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youngster (n.) 年轻人，少年，小伙子，儿童 youthful (adj.) 年轻的，有青春活力的 youth (n.) 年轻，初期，青春 youthhood (n.) 青春期，少壮期 youthy (adj.) 年轻的，少壮的 youthen (v.) 使……变年轻 youthify (v.) 使显得年轻

e.g. Celebrations are for young people. 庆祝是属于年轻人的。

My youth and youthful strength fled long ago. 我的青春和青春的活力早已消失。 There is a little pain in our youthhood. 我们的青春中有一点痛楚。

II. Grammar Exercises

1. Some, any, all, each, every and their compounds

Some, any, all, each and every can be used together with other words to build new compounds, such as someone, anywhere, everything, etc. But the basic usages of these words don’t change. For example, generally we still use some- in positive sentences, and use any- in non-affirmative contexts or to refer to non-specific, unspecified things. We still use every- to emphasize we are talking about a group as a whole rather than as individuals. e.g. I was visiting some friends last week.

It was impossible to see anything in the dark.

Everyone was waiting to hear the results. (= All were waiting to hear the results.)

Practice: Put in some, any, each, every or one of their compounds. 1. I had __________ reason to believe that she would keep my secret.

2. I must get to the shops __________ or other this afternoon. I haven’t got _________ in the house for supper.

3. In a rugby league game __________ side has 13 players. 4. She left her handbag __________ and now she can’t find it.

5. They sought solace in religion from the harshness of their __________ lives.

6. Do you know ________ who would be interested in a position as a receptionist in our office? We need _________ with a really friendly manner.

Keys: 1. every

2. sometime, anything (―Sometime or other‖ means sooner or later.)

3. each (Each emphasizes that we are thinking of the two sides separately.) 4. somewhere 5. everyday

6. anyone, someone

2. Countable and uncountable nouns

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Common nouns can be classified into 1) countable nouns and uncountable nouns, or 2)

individual nouns, collective nouns, material nouns and abstract nouns. Usually individual nouns and collective nouns are countable while material nouns and abstract nouns are uncountable. But sometimes abstract nouns and material nouns can be countable if they are used in specific sense, for example with an attribute.

e.g. My children are a great joy (an attribute) to me.

His room, at sixteen dollars a day, was a disappointment (something specific, and something that disappoints people).

Sri Lanka produces many teas (many kinds of tea).

Practice: Choose the best answer.

1. The earthquake caused ______ to the district.

A. damage B. a damage C. damages D. the damage 2. As everyone knows, warm ______ is comfortable in winter. A. clothes B. clothings C. cloth D. clothing

3. ______ of English is essential for those who apply for the post. A. Good knowledge B. A good knowledge C. Good knowledges D. The good knowledge 4. Clint will give us _______ on our grammar study.

A. an advice B. some advice C. some advices D. advices 5. Ten years had elapsed, I found she had ________.

A. a few white hairs B. much white hair C. a little white hairs D. few white hair

Keys: 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. A

3. Prepositions

Prepositions are a class of structural words that indicate various semantic relations between words or expressions. Some adjectives, nouns and verbs can collocate with prepositions to form adjective phrases, noun phrases and verb phrases.

e.g. His parents will be disappointed with her if she fails the exam.

I would support a ban on smoking in restaurants.

He doesn’t seem to care about the effect smoking has on him.

Practice: Insert suitable prepositions in the following sentences.

1. I object ________ being kept waiting. Why are you always late ________ appointments? 2. I have no intention ________ lending Dan any more money.

3. After years of service in the Cairo embassy, M. Lapierre has become extremely adept ________ Middle East diplomacy.

4. There is no doubt that she can produce work that is equal ________ anyone else’s in her class. 5. Although he had no criminal record, police are inquiring ________ some of Wilson’s business deals.

6. A lot of Japanese students of English have difficult ________ the pronunciation of ―b‖s and ―v‖s.

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Keys:

1. to, for 2. of 3. at / in 4. to 5. into 6. in

III. Translation exercises

1. 这个地区的警察知道那些小偷经常出没于哪些地方。(hang out) Explanation:

If you \often stay with him. Translation:

The police in this district know where the thieves usually hang out. Practice:

我可不想总是和这群人混在一起。

I don't always want to hang out with the group.

手里有了钱，这孩子去了其他年轻人喜欢去的地方。

Having money to burn, the child goes to places where other young people just like them hang out.

作为孩子，我们和母亲生活在不同的世界里，这是一个母亲常出现的世界。

As teenagers we live in a different world from our mothers, a world where mothers hang out on the peripheries.

2. 这些签署的协议将冲破对自由贸易设置的所有障碍。(break down) Explanation:

\working together and having a successful relationship with each other. If something breaks down, it fails to work. Translation:

The agreement signed will break down all the barriers to free trade. Practice:

有什么能保证它不会轻易出故障？

What guarantee do I have that it won't break down easily? 当用户工作时，使用工具的数量太多将会影响工作效率。

The efficiencies break down when the quantity of tools in a user’s working set gets too large.

有了孩子，夫妻之间就会亲密起来，打破目前彼此之间无形的隔阂。

Children would bring the husband and wife close together and break down this invisible barrier.

3. 他是我最好的朋友。既然他需要我的帮助，我可不能对他置之不理。(turn one’s back on) Explanation:

If someone turns his back on you, he refuses to help you when you are in need of help. Translation:

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