apologetical (adj.) 辩解的

apologetic (adj.) 道歉的，认错的，赔罪的

e.g. In my judgment, we should accept their apology. 依我看，我们应该接受他们的道歉。 I apologize for what happened. 我为所发生的事情道歉。 He spoke in an apologetic voice. 他说话充满歉意。

6. obey (v.) 服从，听从，顺从 obedient (adj.) 服从的，顺从的 obedience (n.) 服从，顺从

disobedient (adj.) 不服从的，不顺从的 disobedience (n.) 不服从，违抗

e.g. You must obey her without question. 你必须绝对服从她的命令。

\“我只想要三个听话的孩子，”母亲回答。

His father beat the disobedient boy. 父亲打了那个不听话的孩子. 7. employ （v.）雇佣，使用 employee (n.) 雇员

employment (n.) 职业，雇佣，使用 employer (n.) 雇主

employless (adj.) 失业的，无业的 unemployment (n.) 失业率，失业人数 unemploy (v.) 解雇，使失业

e.g. I employ all my energies in writing. 我把我的全部精力用于写作。 He has no permanent employment. 他没有固定的工作。

Lack of job opportunities results in severe unemployment. 工作机会的缺乏导致严重的失业。

8. courage (n.) 勇敢，胆量 courageous (adj.) 勇敢的 discourage (v.) 使气馁，阻碍

discouraged (adj.) 泄气的，沮丧的 discouragement (n.) 挫折

e.g. Courage is grace under pressure. 勇气是压力下的风度。

A courageous man never wants weapons. 勇敢之人从来不需要武器。

Teachers should discourage their students from smoking and drinking. 教师应劝阻学生吸烟喝酒。

My mother always speaks words of cheer to me when I feel discouraged. 每当我觉得气馁的时候，我母亲总会对我说安慰鼓励的话。

II. Grammar Exercises

1. Generic reference and specific reference of a/an, the

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We usually use “the” when we talk about things that are unique: the sun, the sky, etc, and about things that are context specific and are known by both the speaker and the listener. If we want to describe a particular instance of these we can use “a/an”.

e.g. I could see the plane (context specific, both the speaker and the listener know about the

plane that is mentioned) high up in the sky (unique).

When I woke up there was a bright blue sky (an instance).

Practice: Put in a/an or the where necessary.

1. ______ Renaissance was the period of the revival of classical art and literature in the 14th to 16th centuries.

2. English has become _____ international language of business.

3. Within a day of washing, my hair it starts to feel greasy. I have yet to find ______ shampoo to solve this problem.

4. Do you remember when Mark and Julie came over and had that terrible row? That was ______ day I wouldn’t want to go through again.

5. I couldn’t go to Jane’s party. It was ______ day I was babysitting for Derek and Linda. 6. I know the meeting will be on ______ Sunday in June, but I don’t know the exact date yet.

Keys:

1. The (a unique event in history) 2. the (unique and context specific) 3. a (a kind of shampoo) 4. a (an instance)

5. the (context specific, both the speaker and the listener know which day) 6. a (one)

2. \

A/an, the and zero articles can all be used in set collocations or fixed collocations and idioms. Caution that collocations with different choices of articles can mean differently. e.g. A man is standing in the front of the house. (The man is in the house.) A tree is standing in front of the house. (The tree is outside the house.) I go to school every day. (=I go to the school to study every day.)

I went to the school today. (=Today I went to some place and that place was a school.)

Practice: Put in the where necessary.

1. He sleeps during _____ day and works at _____ night.

2. It is cold outside. Put on your sweater or you will catch _____ cold.

3. We heard the news on _____ radio. They watched the news on _____ television. 4. He was very religious. He used to go to _____ church every Sunday.

5. He couldn’t wait any longer. He decided to go to _____ church to find her himself. 6. He was the officer in _____ charge of the investigation

Keys: 1. the, / 2. a 3. the, / 4. / 5. the 6. /

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III. Translation exercises

1..一个由外交部长率领的政府代表团昨天抵达南非，开始对该国进行为期3天的友好访问。（Head） Explanation:

If you head a group of people (sometimes followed by up), you go at the head of or in front of them or you are the head or chief of them: e.g. to head a school; to head up a department. When you head something, you direct the course of sth. or turn the head or front of in a specified direction. Translation:

Yesterday a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country. Practice:

我们看见他向我们走来, 就让到一边。

We saw him heading for us, so we stepped aside.

2.小张的母亲前天突然病倒，他赶紧派人去请医生。(send for) Explanation:

To send for sb. is to request someone to come by sending them a message. Translation:

Xiao Zhang’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday; he sent for a doctor immediately. Practice:

静脉注射液快要输完了，我要准备叫护士来了。

I'm going to send for a nurse, as the intravenous drip will run out soon.

3.在这个信息爆炸的时代，我们必须不断努力更新知识，才能适应工作的需要。（become adjusted to） Explanation:

If you become adjusted to something or a place, you get used to it. Translation:

In this era of information explosion, we have to make constant efforts to renew our knowledge. Only thus can we become adjusted to the requirement of our work. Practice:

去适应一个腐朽的社会也是心理健康的表现么？

Is becoming well-adjusted to a sick society a sign of good mental health?

4.那男孩把衬衫塞到裤腰里，将皮包夹在腋下，看上去俨然一副老板样。(tuck)

Explanation:

To tuck is to make one or more folds in or to gather up and fold, thrust, or turn in so as to secure or confine.

Translation:

With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag under his arm, the boy looks just like a boss.

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Practice:

俗语说：“夹紧尾巴做人。”

As the saying goes, \ 如果你去郊游的话，记得在包里带上塑料袋。Remember to tuck a plastic bag in your bag. When you go for a walk in the countryside,

Unit 3

I. Vocabulary Analysis

1. Phrase practice

1. get away from sth. = become different from what it should be like 避免，与……不同

e.g. The book produces a new image of teacher which gets away from the stereotype. 这本书描绘了一个与以往大不相同的教师形象。

2. pull out into traffic =move out onto the main road 驶入车流

e.g. The murderer winded down the window and pulled out into traffic. 凶手摇下车窗，将车驶入车流。

He waved me goodbye and pulled out into traffic. 他向我挥手告别，将车驶入车流。

3. on the receiving end =who receives sth. 接收方；be the one who suffers something unpleasant 承受不愉快、接受打击的人

e.g. No one want to be on the receiving end of game playing. 游戏中，谁也不想成为被动的一方。

4. go a long way = produce a far-reaching effect 有长远的影响

e.g. Tomorrow’s game will go a long way toward determining their team’s future.

明天的比赛对决定他们队的未来意义重大。

2. Word comparison

1.

matter: to be important, or to affect what happens e.g. We were late but it didn’t seem to matter.

happen: when something happens, there is an event, especially one that is not planned e.g. It’s important to predict what will happen next.

care: if you care about something, you feel that it is important and are concerned about it e.g. Does anybody know we’re here, does anybody care?. mind: to take care of someone or something

e.g. She asked me if I’d mind the children for an hour while she went shopping. 2.

hurry: to do something or go somewhere more quickly than usual, especially because there is not much time

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