completed questionnaires detailing their health and weekly physical activities. Then the researchers measured their muscle mass, leg strength and body composition, determining how much of their body and, more specifically, their muscle tissue was composed of fat. Other studies have found that as people age, they not only lose muscle, but the tissue that remains can become infiltrated (渗透) with fat, degrading its quality and reducing its strength.

There was little evidence of deterioration in the older athletes’ musculature (肌肉组织), however. The athletes in their 70s and 80s had almost as much thigh muscle mass as the athletes in their 40s. There was, as scientists noted, a drop-off in leg muscle strength around age 60 in both men and women. They weren't as strong as the 50-year-olds, but little additional decline followed. The 70- and 80-year-old athletes were about as strong as those in their 60s.

\think these are very encouraging results,\said Dr. Vonda Wright, a surgeon and founder of the Performance and Research Initiative, who oversaw the study. \muscle mass and function as they grow older. The changes that we've assumed were due to aging and therefore were unstoppable seem actually to be caused by inactivity. And that can be changed.\

\certainty is that any activity is better than none,\Wright says, \that it looks as if how we age can be under our control. Through exercise, you can preserve muscle mass and strength and avoid the decline from vitalityto frailty.\

A) assumed B) encouraging C) certainty D) ranged E) specifically F) vitality G) oversaw H) surveyed I) mobility J) significantly K) unstoppable L) saddening M) deterioration N) exceptional O) evident

Section B

Directions： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the

information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter.

Shopping by Smartphone This Holiday Season

A) As shoppers gear up for another mad holiday scramble, smartphones and tablet computers are emerging as Santa's electronic helpers. Stuck in a challenging economy and facing continued high rates of unemployment, consumers are increasingly finding that their mobile devices can come in handy. With a gadget in hand, shoppers can compare prices, research gift ideas, and watch for special deals. Often, they do it right in the store aisle. B) Retailers are catching on—just in time for the holiday season of the year. Once content to simply sell these electronic devices, merchants and mall operators are now recognizing the increasingly important role phones and tablets are playing for shoppers and are eager to tap into this electronic path to consumers' wallets. In addition to heavy promotions and the extension of store hours, many chains are rolling out shopping application softwares (apps), mobile-optimized websites and social media pages.

C) About one in four smartphone owners plan to use a mobile device for holiday shopping, according to an annual holiday survey by Deloitte. Of those, 59% will use their phones to compare or check prices and 46% plan to use them to check product availability. Social media, such as Facebook, will also be popular with shoppers, with 44% of those surveyed reporting that they will use social networks to find discounts, check out friends' or family members' wish lists and browse products. Shopping with mobile devices isn't for everyone, especially for folks who prefer to browse through a mall at a leisurely pace looking for gift ideas. Even some fans of online shopping like to stick to their home computers—the screens are bigger and they don't have to check out a dress or watch.

D) So whether you totally groove to technology or just recently bought a smartphone or signed up for Facebook, here are a few useful digital tricks for saving some bucks, and perhaps some time, during Christmas. First of all, you need mobile shopping guides. Some big retailers such as Target Corp. and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. offer their own mobile applications for shoppers to individually download to their smartphones or tablet computers. With these apps, shoppers can often get up-to-the-minute information about sale items, instant bargains, what's located where and what's in stock.

E) Mobile apps, as well as websites geared for mobile devices, often tweak (稍稍调整) the online shopping experience to fit smaller screens with fewer items displayed per page and an easy search function. The Amazon.com app popularized one-click ordering for breezy checkouts without the need to fill in billing and address information over and over again. Perhaps the most useful apps collect product data from several retailers and sort it so consumers can compare prices side-by-side from local and online merchants to find the best

deal. These apps, which include EBay's RedLaser and SnapTell, can be downloaded for free and work by simply scanning a product's bar code. F) That's a great help to price-conscious people such as Bill Grayson, a 50-year-old engineer who swears by a similar price-comparison app called ShopSavvy. After standing in line at Sears for hours to snag (抓住机会) a big-screen TV during Black Friday last year, then he scanned the bar code using the app just to see if the price was better elsewhere. He said he ended up saving $1,400 by buying it online.\自发地) make a decision whether to buy the product in front of me or wait longer for a sale,\Grayson said. \

G) Apps can offer more features than a traditional website. Bluefly, Inc., an online fashion retailer that deals in discounted designer goods, sends an alert to your phone when an out-of-stock item you're eyeing becomes available again. Likewise, EBay's auction app will send a declaration when you've been outbid (出价高于) at an auction. Mall giant Westfield, which operates shopping centers including Westfield Century City and Westfield Culver City, recently added a new feature to its app that lets shoppers search for which stores carry a specific item they're seeking. Type in \the shops carrying gold necklaces.

H) Another very useful trick to save your money and time is to use social media. Retailers have increasingly turned to social media such as Facebook and Twitter to harness the power of their fans. Wal-Mart last month launched 3,500 store-specific Facebook pages to alert shoppers to products, \deals and events at their local store. Before Black Friday this year, the discount chain will give Facebook fans a sneak peek at planned deals and also post maps clearly marking where to find some discounted items within their local Wal-Mart. J. C. Penney Company, Inc. operates a store within Facebook in which browsers can pick up a sweater or pair of shoes without ever leaving the social network. Shoppers can also sign up via Facebook to receive digital coupons on their phone or \in\on the location-based network Foursquare to score similar deals. For the holiday season, the retailer is partnering with fashion bloggers who will post their favorite holiday gift ideas chosen from the chain's selection.

I) There are still some odds and ends. Google Wallet, an app that essentially turns your phone into a credit card, is having a test run this holiday season at major retailers including American Eagle Outfitters, Guess and Toys R Us. Using Google Wallet, shoppers can pay by waving their phones over digital sensors already installed at participating stores. J.C. Penney has launched campaigns incorporating the futuristic (极新潮的) bar codes known as QR, or

quick response. By scanning a Macy's QR code, shoppers can pull up videos of style stalwarts (忠实拥护者) such as Martha Stewart and Tommy Hilfiger dispensing fashion tips. Parking apps, while not linked to shopping, can help shoppers brave the cutthroat mall parking lots this holiday season. Another app called Parker has a reservation function that helps drivers secure a spot in a lot up to two months in advance. J) With an estimated half of mobile phone users projected to own a smartphone by year's end, shoppers will get accustomed to having a phone that also functions as a catalog, store finder, and review site. Over time, the difference between shopping online and offline will fade away. At the end of the day, people just care about finding the right gift at the right price. 46. Examples show that apps have more advantages than traditional websites. G 答案：G 解析：文章G部分提及Bluefly, Ebay和Westfield等实例说明购物应用软件比起传统的网站具有更多的优势。Apps can offer more features than a traditional website. 47. By using your smartphone, you can pay, you can get a quick response, even you can find a parking lot. I 答案：I 解析：文章I部分提到手机的其他用途，例如可以用手机付账，可以用手机扫描条形码以获取商品的更多信息，甚至可以找到停车场。 48. Shoppers can download mobile apps offered by some big corporations so that they can get immediate information about sale items. D 答案：D 解析：文章D部分首先提到要给大家一些购物技巧，第一个技巧就是你需要移动设备购物指南。文中还提到一些大的经销商会为消费者提供应用软件，以便消费者能获得及时的商品信息，折扣信息，以及货物储备信息。ome big retailers such as Target Corp. and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. offer their own mobile applications for shoppers to individually download to their smartphones or tablet computers. With these apps, shoppers can often get up-to-the-minute information about sale items, instant bargains, what's located where and what's in stock. 49. The goal of using social media is to have digital initiatives that make shopping easier. H