1. Firstly, our living conditions today are superior to those of
any past generations.
2. Secondly, technologies have made it possible for men to
work under much more comfortable working conditions today than before.
3. Most of the problems troubling us today have been troubling
human beings for a long time. 时间
------------------------------
140. \and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent.\
被社会自诩为是它最伟大的社会、政治和个人成就的东西结果往往带来最大的非议。 Agree with concession:
1. With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are
by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be
dissatisfied and discontent with their accomplishments—no matter how great.
2. Individual achievements can often result in discontent on a
societal level.
3. Turning from individual achievements to societal, including
political, achievements, the extent to which great
achievement have caused discontent often depends on one’s perspective. 社会和人民大众
------------------------------
142. \people question authority.\
当很多人都质疑权威的时候社会就会繁荣昌盛。 Agree with concession:
1. Admittedly, when many people question authority, some
societal harm might result, even if a social cause is worthy. 2. While violence is rarely justifiable as a means of questioning
authority, peaceful challenges to political and legal authority, by many people, are not only justifiable but actually
necessary when it comes to enhancing and even preserving society’s well-being.
3. Questioning authority is also essential for advances in the
sciences.
4. Similarly, in the arts, people must challenge established styles
and forms rather than imitate them; otherwise, no genuinely new art would ever emerge, and society would be worse off.
------------------------------
149. \areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects.\
保护野生环境最实际和最有效的途径就是通过环保的（旅游）项目吸引更多的旅游者来这些地区（旅游）。
Disagree
1. Tourists swarming to visit the environmentally sensitive
projects may pose a serious threat to the wildness areas. 2. The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness
areas is to leave those places to take care of themselves. 环保和旅游的关系
------------------------------
152. \they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies.\
公司的经营者们唯一的责任就是在法律规定范围之内为他们的公司赚尽可能多的钱。
In several respects this position has considerable merit; yet it ignores certain compelling arguments for imposing on businesses additional obligations to the society in which they operate. 1. On the one hand are convincing arguments that profit
maximization within the bounds of the law should be a business executive’s sole responsibility. First, imposing on businesses additional duties to society in which they operate can, paradoxically, harm that society.
2. Secondly, by affirming that profit maximization within legal
bounds is the most ethical behavior possible for business, more private enterprises and individuals will be encouraged enter the marketplace in the quest of profits.
3. On the other hand are compelling arguments for holding
business executives to certain responsibilities in addition to profit maximization and to compliance with the letter of law. ------------------------------
-160. \ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.\
对于一位强有力的领导者来说，最关键的能力就是要对一些原则和目标坚定不移。任何领导如果很频繁的、很轻易的为大众意志而转移的话，他将会一事无成。
In addressing the issue it is helpful to consider, in turn, three
distinct forms of leadership: business, political and social-spiritual.
1. In the business realm, effective leadership is generally
defined, at least in our corporate culture, as that which achieves the goal of profit maximization for a firm’s shareholders or other owners.
2. In the political realm, stubborn adherence to one’s objective
in the short term might serve a political leader’s interest in preserving his or her power, yet in the long term such behavior invariably results in that leader’s downfall.
3. Socio-spiritual leadership, in order to be effective, inherently
requires that the leader remain steadfastly committed to principle.
少数和多数之领导与大众
------------------------------
170. \of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people.\
一个伟大国家最真实的体现不是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家的成就，而是他所有老百姓的普通福利（幸福）。
1. Admittedly, the overriding imperative of any democratic state
is to enhance the general welfare of its citizenry. Yet the speaker fails to provide a clear litmus test for measuring that welfare.
2. Many scientific achievements serve to enhance a nation’s
general welfare.
3. Artistic achievement is also needed to make a nation a better
place for humans overall.
4. We should also be careful not to hastily assume that a nation
is necessarily great merely by virtue of the achievements of individual citizens. 社会精英和人民大众 the general welfare ------------------------------
5
171. \personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good.\
能够造福社会的是那些纯粹出于个人原因而追求自己兴趣知识的人，而不是那些打算为大众谋福利的人。
Agree
1. By human nature we are motivated to pursue activities in
which we excel.
2. Secondly, it is unusual avenues of personal interest that most
often lead to the greatest contributions to society.
3. Thirdly, to adopt a view that runs contrary to the speaker’s
position would be to sanction certain intellectual pursuits while proscribing others—which smacks of thought control and political oppression.
个人和整体之动机 ------------------------------
174. \flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.\
法律不应该是僵化或固定的，而应该根据不同的环境、时期和地点而足够灵活。
1. On the one hand, a certain measure of consistency, stability
and predictability in our laws is required in order for us to understand our legal obligations and rights as we go about our day-to-day business as a society.
2. On the other hand, rigid laws can result in unfairness if
applied inflexibly in all places at all times. 法律的灵活性
------------------------------
178. \people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds.\
通过法律可以控制或者限制人们的行为，但是立法是无法改变人类本性的。法律无法改变人们的感情和思想。
It is necessary to realize the limits of law when we hail “rule by law”.
1. Common tells us that without laws, society would fall into a
state of chaos.
2. However, legislation cannot reform human nature.
3. Society should depend on education to cultivate people’s
hearts and minds. ------------------------------
180. \and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated.\
现代社会的很多问题是法律和立法系统无法解决的，因为道德行为是无法用法律约束的。
I agree with this assertion insofar as it relates to constraints on certain personal freedoms. However, when it comes to the conduct of business, I think that moral behavior not only can but must be legislated for the purpose of alleviating societal problems.
1. Morality laws that impinge upon freedom of choice about our
personal lives—to control what we do with and to
ourselves—simply do not work in a democratic society. 2. Morality laws impinging on personal freedoms are not made
any more useful or effective by purporting to serve the greater good of society, because on balance their costs far outweigh their benefits.
3. In sharp contrast to personal behavior, the behavior of
businesses can and must be controlled through legislation. 道德和法律
------------------------------
185. \be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.\
丑闻----无论是政治、学术还是其他领域----可能会是有用的。丑闻可以用演说家或者改革家无法使用的手段让我们注意到某些问题。
1. On the one hand, scandals can sometimes serve to call our
attention to pervasive social or political problems that we would otherwise neglect.
2. On the other hand, scandals can sometimes serve chiefly to
distract us from more pressing community or societal problems.
------------------------------
193. \
seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance.\
Transformation: change
真正具有长远意义的，不是那些被炒作的政治事件，而是那些鲜有报道的社会变化。 Agree
1. The headline-making “sensational” political events are often
superficial and short-lived.
2. The commercial interests of the mass media determine their
preoccupation with the news value of events rather than the social value of events.
3. Social transformations usually take place slowly, and are hard
to notice at their beginning.
------------------------------
198. \greater appreciation of individual differences.\
Conformity: agreement
社会应该多一些鼓励个人间的差异而不是统一。
There is no doubt that society should encourage individuals to stand out to show their unique character and qualities. 1. Conformity leads to the death of creativity.
2. A society that encourages individual differences will benefit
from the creations and vitality of its people.
3. “Whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever
name it may be called.” (John Stuart Mill) ------------------------------
203. \examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines.\
了解一个社会特点最好的方法是去考察被这个社会视为英雄的人们的特点。
1. First consider the sports hero, whom in my observation
society chooses not merely by virtue of athletic prowess. 2. Next consider the military hero, who gains heroic stature by
way of courage in battle, or by otherwise facing certain defeat and emerging victorious.
3. On the other hand, consider a third type of hero: the
champion of social causes who inspires and incites society to meaningful political and social change.
------------------------------
220. \As a result, the distance between fields of specialization has
become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other.\
6
知识的增加促使了人们的专业化。其结果是不同的专业化领域之间的差异变得越来越大以至于各个领域中的专业人员很少能够互相影响了。
Overspecialization in the academic world is liable to exert negative impacts on academic research in various fields, which makes it necessary for education to encourage interdisciplinary studies.
1. The dramatic increase in knowledge today has made it
impossible for any one to keep pace with the latest developments in all academic fields.
2. As a result, specialists in different areas tend to focus only on
their own area of study.
3. However, this overspecialization is harmful not only
academically but also socially.
4. Schools should aim at cultivating not only specialists but also
generalists.
少数和多数的关系之专业化 ------------------------------
242. \regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being.\
社会应该以不计人类的努力、时间和金钱为代价，尝试挽救每一个动植物物种。
There is no need to save every plant and animal species regardless of the human costs.
1. The history of natural evolution has witnessed the extinction
of some plants and animals species, which did not result in any harm to the environment.
2. Of course, if scientists can more or less prove that the
extinction of a certain plant or species will cause some
disastrous chain effects, we should make every effort to save it.
3. The primary responsibility of humans is to try to maintain the
environment at its natural state, and then let nature do the rest job. 人类和物种
------------------------------
244. \even when they claim to admire them.\
大多数社会都没把最伟大的思想家当回事，虽然有时候这些社会自称是求才若渴的。
Great thinkers are often wronged or ignored in many societies. 1. Confucius is regarded as a great thinker in China, but today
few people pay much attention to what he actually said. 2. John Dewey was one of the greatest thinkers in American
history, but few Americans including scholars know much about him.
3. In ancient Greece, the great thinker Socrates was sentenced to
death. 社会和思想家
第二类 行为类
12. \situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic.\
人们的态度更多的是由临时的情况或者环境所决定，而非人们自身的特点。
Social environment does plays a more important role in forming a person’s attitudes.
1. Admittedly, people’s inborn temperament does play an
important role in their attitudes.
2. However, more often than not, people’s attitudes are largely
influenced by their immediate situation or surroundings. 3. It should also be noted that external factors not only influence
people’s attitudes, but also shape their characters.
------------------------------
18. \contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.\
只有通过排除异议和对照其他的观点来捍卫一个理念，人们才能真正的发现该理念的价值所在。
Agree
1. Different viewpoints interconnect with each other. Only after
careful comparison can we reach the soul of the idea.
2. Doubts and contrasting views can provide valuable use for
reverences to our learning.
3. History is replete with illustrative cases in which doubts and
contrasting views contribute to the consummation of our knowledge.
------------------------------
21. \with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world.\
改革几乎从来都不是由那些关心自己声誉和社会地位的人发起的。那些真正热衷于政府改革、教育改革和其他机构改革的人们一定都是甘于被他人轻视的。
1. Reform means the redistribution of benefits of various levels;
therefore, resist and dissatisfaction is inevitable.
2. Those who are not really in earnest about reform will retreat
when facing difficulties in a reform.
------------------------------
25. \requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite
direction--in other words, to make things as simple as possible.\
任何人都可以把事情简单复杂化，但是需要真正努力和勇气的恰恰相反，也就是说应该把事情变得尽可能的简单。
1. The statement brings immediately to mind the ever-growing
and increasingly complex digital world.
2. Lending even more credence to the statement is the so-called
“big government” phenomenon.
3. Adding further credibility to the statement is the tendency of
most people to complicate their personal lives.
复杂和简单
------------------------------
27. \
conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking.\
7
这个世界上没有人能够靠墨守陈规（行动或者思维上的）而获得成功。
1. Traditional ways of thinking are treasures which will prevent
us from wasting time and energy on trial things.
2. However, we can create nothing if we are only confined to
the conventional experience.
新手和老手之墨守成规和成功 ------------------------------
31. \even when the results of that research are controversial.\
花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。
Disagree with concession:
1. I concede that the speaker is on the correct philosophical side
of this issue. After all, research is the exploration of the unknown for answers to our questions, and for lasting solutions to our endure problems.
2. While we must invest in research irrespective of whether the
results might be controversial, at the same time we should be circumspect about research whose objectives are too vague and whose potential benefits are too speculative.
3. No amount of research can completely solve the enduring
problems of war, poverty and violence, for the reason that they stem from the certain aspects of human nature—such as aggression and greed.
现实和理想
------------------------------
35. \compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them.\
无论在什么样的情况下，折衷自己的信仰要比坚持有害。
1. Having a belief is a good thing for an individual in a certain
degree in the form of spiritual support. However, if the belief goes too extreme and even influences people’s life and family negatively, it is best to reconsider whether the belief worth so much persistence.
2. Choosing to compromise does not mean that we have to give
up our original belief. On the contrary, we are finding a better way to perfect our belief.
信仰
------------------------------
37. \negative than a positive effect.\
在大多数社会中，竞争一般是弊多利少。 Disagree
1. Competition benefits the general public by providing people
with cheaper products and better service.
2. Competition spurs innovation and invention, bringing new
products and technology to multitudes.
3. Admittedly, we should notice the side effect of competition,
which are shrinking profit, dishonesty, etc. 利多弊少之竞争
------------------------------
62. \
self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient.\
认为人们应该把自我进步当做是人生头等大事的流行观点是有问题的，因为这样的观点在假设人们是天生就有缺陷的。
Disagree
1. On the one hand, admitting that we are deficient is the first
step towards progress.
2. On the other hand, smugness only leads to stagnancy. 3. A serious problem with modern society is that too many
people fail to realize the need for self-improvement.
独立题目
------------------------------
64. \to make the best use of it.\
很多人懂得如何去获得成功，但是很少有人知道如何最好的去利用成功。
1. A common characteristic of contemporary society is that
people everywhere are concerned about how to attain success.
2. Success is commonly understood as material gains. 3. However, success does not ensure happiness.
4. “Successful” people often ignore the interests and needs of
other people, which renders their “success” meaningless.
Attain and sustain打江山容易，保江山难 ------------------------------
68. \and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be.\
人们经常错误的猜疑和不信任专家，无论专家们的贡献是多么的有价值。
Expert’s opinions should be evaluated objectively.
1. Generally speaking, experts’ opinions are comparatively
more trustworthy than ordinary people’s when it comes to solving problems that require special expertise.
2. The reality of our society is that people tend to take for
granted whatever experts say.
3. It is possible that sometimes experts do make mistakes which
ordinary people can correct. 怀疑权威
------------------------------
71. \others.\
学会独自消磨时光会使你更好地成为别人的伙伴。 Agree
1. Admittedly, habitually isolating oneself from others does not
automatically make one a better companion.
2. However, people who think and work independently will be
able to bring new ideas and new perspectives to others. 3. One’s loneliness makes one crave for and cherish the
opportunity to stay with others. 人际关系之个人时间和公众时间 ------------------------------
74. \large groups of people is through the use of images, not language.\
8