⑥ shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用；在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我们这个周末去动物园好吗？)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必须带自己的书来)

⑦ should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话)

⑧ will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如：Will you please close the door for me?(请你替我把门关上好吗？)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教训你一顿) ⑨would表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned

home.(每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边)

would也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“will”婉转、客

气。在日常会话中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I’d) like to”来表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你现在想要休息一下吗？)

would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母们总是向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事)

⑩ need表示“需要”,用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如：He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些帮助)/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了)

⑾ dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮)

⑿ ‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是：’d better not (do). 如：You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)/ You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉)

2、动词词形变化一览表： (1)规则动词变化表：

原形动词结尾情况 规一般情况 s,x,ch,sh,o结尾 现在时单三人称 +s +es y→i,+es +s 现 在 分 词 +ing +ing +ing 双写辅音字母,+ing 过去式和过去分词 +ed +ed y→i,+ed 双写辅音字母,+ed 则辅音字母+y结尾 变重读闭音节一元一辅 结尾 化 不发音的e结尾 ie结尾 不规则变化 +s +s 去掉e,+ing ie→y,+ing +d +d (见不规则动词变化表) have→has；be→is (无) 注意：①在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。

②s/es的读音规则：在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[z]；在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz].

③ed的读音规则：在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[d]；在[t]、[d]后读[id].

(2)不规则动词变化表：( 原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词)

be(am,is) be(are) beat become begin blow break bring build was were beat became began blew broke brought built been been beaten become begun blown broken brought built lose make may mean meet mistake must pay put lost made might meant met mistook must paid put lost made meant met mistaken paid put

buy can catch choose come cost bought could caught chose came cost bought read ride ring rise run say read rode rang rose ran said Read ridden rung risen run said caught chosen come cost cut cut cut dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feel felt felt find found found fly flew flown forget forgot forgot/forgotten freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung/hanged hung/hanged have(has) had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden see saw seen sell sold sold send sent sent set set set shall should shine shone shone show showed shown shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken sit set set sleep slept slept smell smelt smelt speak spoke spoken spend spent spent spill spilt spilt spoil spoilt spoilt stand stood stood sweep swept swept swim swam swum take took taken

hit hold hurt keep know lay learn leave lend let lie hit held hurt kept knew laid hit held hurt kept known laid teach tell think throw taught told thought threw taught told thought thrown understood woken/waked worn understand understood wake wear will win write woke/waked wore would won wrote learnt/learned learnt/learned left lent let lay left lent let lain won witten 3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：

一 般 现 在 时 I am…. You are.… He/She/It is…. We/You/They are…. 一 般 将 来 时 (I等各人称) will be…. I am 现 在 完 成 时 I have been…. You have been…. He/She/It is going to She/he/It has been…. be… We/You/They are We/You/They have been…. 一 般 过 去 时 I was…. You were.… He/She/It was…. 过 去 将 来 时 (I等各人称) would be…. I was 过 去 完 成 时 I had been…. You had been…. He/She/It was going to She/he/It had been…. We/You/They had been…. We/You/They were…. be… We/You/They were 注意：句型变化时,

否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可

以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写)；