24 Through sheer persistence she was eventually nominated and then appointed the first woman Supreme Court Justice of the United States of America. (Para. 6)

Meaning: Always keeping trying, she was finally chosen and assigned as the first female Supreme Court Justice of the USA.

25 There, she acted as a crucial vote on issues like abortion and women's rights. (Para. 6) Meaning: She played a critical role on issues like abortion and women's rights.

7 Many people simply say that they want something, but they do not expend the substantial effort required to achieve it. Many people let the threat of failure stop them from trying with all of their heart. The secret of success is based upon a burning inward desire — a robust, fierce will and focus — that fuels the determination to act, to keep preparing, to keep going even when we are tired and fail. As a wise saying goes: \many times you get back up that makes success!\

7 很多人只是嘴上说他们想要什么东西，但并不真正地付出大量努力去实现。 很多人因为 害怕失败而不敢全心尝试。 而成功的秘诀在于内心燃烧的欲望——一种坚定不移的意志和 专注力——从而激发行动的决心，即使疲惫，即使失败，也会继续准备，继续前进。 正如 一句箴言所说：“你摔倒了多少次并不要紧；你能多少次重新站起来对成功才至关重要！” 26 Many people simply say that they want something, but they do not expend the substantial effort required to achieve it. (Para. 7)

Meaning: Many people just say that they want something, but they do not spend the time and energy needed to make it happen.

27 Many people let the threat of failure stop them from trying with all of their heart. (Para. 7) Meaning: Many people couldn't try their best because they are afraid of failure.

28 The secret of success is based upon a burning inward desire — a robust, fierce will and focus — that fuels the determination to act, to keep preparing, to keep going even when we are tired and fail. (Para. 7)

Meaning: The secret of success is based on a burning desire inside your heart; it is a strong, powerful will and concentration that gives the energy to act, and to keep preparing and moving forward even when we are tired, or when we face failure.

29 ... %up that makes success!\

Meaning: ... It doesn't matter if you have failed many times. What does matter is that you will always recover from the failures on the way to success.

8 Focus on becoming more knowledgeable. Focus on gradual, consistent progress. Maintain the strong will to keep going — even when you are tired and want to slack or the odds seem too large. \your eyes on the prize!\\there's a will, there's a way!\With hard work, determination, dedication and preparation, you can transcend any handicap, accomplish any feat, and achieve success!

8 专注于汲取更多的知识，争取持之以恒地渐进，保持永不言退的坚强意志——即使在你疲 惫想要松懈的时候，或者困难重重之时。 “执著地追求成功！” “有志者，事竟成！” 只 要刻苦努力，意志坚决，专心投入，准备充分，你就能跨越一切障碍，完成所有壮举，取得 成功！

30 Focus on becoming more knowledgeable. Focus on gradual, consistent progress. (Para. 8) Meaning: Emphasis should be put on getting more knowledge and on gradual but consistent progress.

31 Maintain the strong will to keep going — even when you are tired and want to slack or the odds seem too large. (Para. 8)

Meaning: Even when you are tired and want to be lazy or are faced with too many difficulties, you should always have the strong will to move forward. 32 Where there's a will, there's a way! (Para. 8) Meaning: A strong-willed person will be successful!

33 With hard work, determination, dedication and preparation, you can transcend any handicap, accomplish any feat, and achieve success! (Para. 8)

Meaning: With hard work, determination, dedication and preparation, you can overcome any difficulty, make any achievement, and be successful!

Note:

With hard work, determination, dedication and preparation, you can transcend any handicap, accomplish any feat, and achieve success! (Para.8) Parallel Structure is also known as parallelism or parallel construction, and is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure. The application of parallelism improves writing style and readability, and is thought to make sentences easier to process.

... Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

…Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not. …

Structure of example essays

Identifying the type of writing typical of the text

Skim the whole passage and identify the type of writing typical of the text. What type of writing is this text?

The text is expositive writing. It is mainly developed by means of exemplification. Examples are abundantly used in the text.

Identifying the way an example essay is structured

Read Paras. 1-2 and identify how an example essay is started. How does the writer start the essay?

As a young boy, Britain’s great Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, attended a public school called Harrow. He was not a good student, and had he not been from a famous family, he probably would have been removed from the school for deviating from the rules. Thankfully, he did finish at Harrow and his errors there did not preclude him from going on to the university. He eventually had a premier army career whereby he was later elected prime minister. He achieved fame for his wit, wisdom, civic duty, and abundant courage in his refusal to surrender during the miserable dark days of World War II. His amazing determination helped motivate his entire nation and was an inspiration worldwide.

Read Paras. 3-7 and identify the way an example essay is developed.

It is developed by the arrangement of a series of details / examples in certain sequence.

? Order of Importance. It is wiser to place the most impressive detail at the end of the

paragraph.

? Order of Familiarity. It is common to begin with the most obvious or familiar detail

and move toward the less obvious or less familiar detail.

A successful example essay depends on the following two guidelines:

? An expert arrangement of these examples. Similar or related examples should be grouped

together and arranged according to the order of time, space, or importance.

? A wise selection of sufficient examples. Select the examples which are specific and

typical, interesting and relevant. The examples may consist of either personal experiences or second-hand information from reliable sources.

The Structure of the Body

The general statement : Nothing can inhibit a strong spirit committed to success (Para. 3) Example 1 The examples of Einstein and Edison : (Para. 3)

details: Take the example of two of the most scholarly scientists of our age… Example 2 The example of Abraham Lincoln: (Para. 4) details: Consider also the heroic example of …

Example 3 The example of Sandra Day O’Connor: (Para. 6)

details: Many artists, statesmen… have had the same experience.

Conclusion: The secret of success is based upon a burning inward desire that fuels the determination … (Para. 7)

Read Para. 8 and identify the way of ending an example essay.

Focus on becoming more knowledgeable. Focus on gradual, consistent progress. Maintain the strong will to keep going—even when you are tired and want to slack or the odds seem too large. “Keep your eyes on the prize!” “Where there’s a will, there’s a way!” With hard work , determination , dedication and preparation , you can transcend any handicap, accomplish any feat, and achieve success!

Identifying the features of an expository essay Work in groups to discuss the following question. What are the features of expository writing?

? Expository writing explains the topic to the reader and shows that the writer understands

the topic.

? An expository essay must be well-structured with a clearly stated thesis. The rest of the

essay then supports the thesis with clear evidence.

There are various strategies to develop an expository essay. The most common ones include:

1. Exemplification Use examples to support or clarify an idea

2. Definition Explain a concept / subject by giving definitions

3. Classification Develop a topic by classifying it into several categories 4. Comparison & contrast Explain the likenesses and differences between two

comparable items

5. Cause & effect Investigate a problem by exploring its causes and effects